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Axis & Allies is like nothing so much as an extremely advanced and complicated game of Risk. The two games are similar in that both use world domination as their.

Reich Chancellor of the German People, 1923, foreign minister of Germany, 1923–1929 In September 1923, Mussolini offered German Chancellor a 'common policy': he sought German military support against potential French military intervention over Italy's diplomatic dispute with Yugoslavia over, should an Italian seizure of Fiume result in war between Italy and Yugoslavia. The German ambassador to Italy in 1924 reported that Mussolini saw a nationalist Germany as an essential ally for Italy against France, and hoped to tap into the desire within the German army and the German political right for a war of revenge against France. During the Weimar Republic, the German government did not respect the Treaty of Versailles that it had been pressured to sign, and various government figures at the time rejected Germany's post-Versailles borders. General (head of the command from 1920 to 1926) supported an alliance between Germany and the to invade and partition Poland between them and restore the German-Russian border of 1914. As German foreign minister in 1925 declared that the reincorporation of territories lost to and in the Treaty of Versailles was a major task of German foreign policy. The Reichswehr Ministry memorandum of 1926 declared its intention to seek the reincorporation of German territory lost to Poland as its first priority, to be followed by the return of the Saar territory, the annexation of Austria, and remilitarization of the Rhineland. Since the 1920s Italy had identified the year 1935 as a crucial date for preparing for a war against France, as 1935 was the year when Germany's obligations under the Treaty of Versailles were scheduled to expire.

Meetings took place in Berlin in 1924 between Italian General and prominent figures in the German military, such as von Seeckt and, over military collaboration between Germany and Italy. The discussions concluded that Germans still wanted a war of revenge against France but were short on weapons and hoped that Italy could assist Germany. However at this time Mussolini stressed one important condition that Italy must pursue in an alliance with Germany: that Italy 'must. Tow them, not be towed by them'. Italian foreign minister in the early 1930s stressed the importance of 'decisive weight', involving Italy's relations between France and Germany, in which he recognized that Italy was not yet a major power, but perceived that Italy did have strong enough influence to alter the political situation in Europe by placing the weight of its support onto one side or another.

However Grandi stressed that Italy must seek to avoid becoming a 'slave of the rule of three' in order to pursue its interests, arguing that although substantial Italo-French tensions existed, Italy would not unconditionally commit itself to an alliance with Germany, just as it would neither unconditionally commit itself to an alliance with France over conceivable Italo-German tensions. Grandi's attempts to maintain a diplomatic balance between France and Germany were challenged in 1932 by pressure from the French, who had begun to prepare an alliance with Britain and the United States against the threat of a revanchist Germany. The French government warned Italy that it had to choose whether to be on the side of the pro-Versailles powers or that of the anti-Versailles revanchists. Grandi responded that Italy would be willing to offer France support against Germany if France gave Italy its mandate over Cameroon and allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia. France refused Italy's proposed exchange for support, as it believed Italy's demands were unacceptable and the threat from Germany was not yet immediate. On 23 October 1932, Mussolini declared support for a Four Power Directorate that included Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, to bring about an orderly treaty revision outside of what he considered the outmoded.

The proposed Directorate was pragmatically designed to reduce French hegemony in continental Europe, in order to reduce tensions between the great powers in the short term to buy Italy relief from being pressured into a specific war alliance while at the same time allowing them to benefit from diplomatic deals on treaty revisions. Danube alliance, dispute over Austria [ ]. Chancellor of Austria, 1932–1934 Several weeks after the Venice meeting, on 25 July 1934, Austrian Nazis assassinated Dollfuss. Mussolini was outraged as he held Hitler directly responsible for the assassination that violated Hitler's promise made only weeks ago to respect Austrian independence. Mussolini rapidly deployed several army divisions and air squadrons to the Brenner Pass, and warned that a German move against Austria would result in war between Germany and Italy.

Hitler responded by both denying Nazi responsibility for the assassination and issuing orders to dissolve all ties between the German Nazi Party and its Austrian branch, which Germany claimed was responsible for the political crisis. Italy effectively abandoned diplomatic relations with Germany while turning to France in order to challenge Germany's intransigence by signing a Franco-Italian accord to protect Austrian independence. French and Italian military staff discussed possible military cooperation involving a war with Germany should Hitler dare to attack Austria.

As late as May 1935, Mussolini spoke of his desire to destroy Hitler. [ ] Relations between Germany and Italy recovered due to Hitler's support of Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, while other countries condemned the invasion and advocated sanctions against Italy.

Development of German–Japanese–Italian alliance [ ]. Prime minister of Japan, 1937–1940 Interest in Germany and Japan in forming an alliance began when Japanese diplomat visited in Berlin in 1935. Oshima informed von Ribbentrop of Japan's interest in forming a German-Japanese alliance against the Soviet Union. Von Ribbentrop expanded on Oshima's proposal by advocating that the alliance be based in a political context of a pact to oppose the. The proposed pact was met with mixed reviews in Japan, with a faction of ultra-nationalists within the government supporting the pact while the Japanese Navy and the Japanese Foreign Ministry were staunchly opposed to the pact.

There was great concern in the Japanese government that such a pact with Germany could disrupt Japan's relations with Britain, endangering years of a beneficial Anglo-Japanese accord, that had allowed Japan to ascend in the international community in the first place. The response to the pact was met with similar division in Germany; while the proposed pact was popular amongst the upper echelons of the Nazi Party, it was opposed by many in the Foreign Ministry, the Army, and the business community who held financial interests in China to which Japan was hostile. 'Good friends in three countries' (1938): Japanese propaganda postcard celebrating the participation of Italy in the on November 6, 1937.

On top, Hitler, Konoe, and Mussolini are each in medallion. On learning of German–Japanese negotiations, Italy also began to take an interest in forming an alliance with Japan. Italy had hoped that due to Japan's long-term close relations with Britain, that an Italo-Japanese alliance could pressure Britain into adopting a more accommodating stance towards Italy in the Mediterranean. In the summer of 1936, Italian Foreign Minister Ciano informed Japanese Ambassador to Italy, Sugimura Yotaro, 'I have heard that a Japanese-German agreement concerning the Soviet Union has been reached, and I think it would be natural for a similar agreement to be made between Italy and Japan'.

Initially Japan's attitude towards Italy's proposal was generally dismissive, viewing a German–Japanese alliance against the Soviet Union as imperative while regarding an Italo-Japanese alliance as secondary, as Japan anticipated that an Italo-Japanese alliance would antagonize Britain that had condemned Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. This attitude by Japan towards Italy altered in 1937 after the League of Nations condemned Japan for aggression in China and faced international isolation, while Italy remained favourable to Japan.

As a result of Italy's support for Japan against international condemnation, Japan took a more positive attitude towards Italy and offered proposals for a non-aggression or neutrality pact with Italy. The 'Axis powers' formally took the name after the Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan on 27 September 1940, in Berlin. The pact was subsequently joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Slovakia (24 November 1940), and Bulgaria (1 March 1941). Ideology [ ] The Axis powers' primary goal was in expense of their neighbors. In ideological terms, the Axis described their goals as breaking the hegemony of the and defending civilization from. The Axis championed a number of variants on,, and.

Economic resources [ ] The Axis population in 1938 was 258.9 million, while the Allied population (excluding the Soviet Union and the United States, who later joined the Allies) was 689.7 million. Thus the Allied powers outnumbered the Axis powers by 2.7 to 1. The leading Axis states had the following domestic populations: Germany 75.5 million (including 6.8 million from recently annexed ), Japan 71.9 million (excluding its colonies), and Italy 43.4 million (excluding its colonies). The United Kingdom (excluding its colonies) had a population of 47.5 million and France (excluding its colonies) 42 million. The wartime (GDP) of the Axis was $911 billion at its highest in 1941 in by 1990 prices. The GDP of the Allied powers was $1,798 billion.

The United States stood at $1,094 billion, more than the Axis combined. The burden of the war upon participating countries has been measured through the percentage of (GNP) devoted to military expenditures. Nearly one-quarter of Germany's GNP was committed to the war effort in 1939, and this rose to three-quarters of GNP in 1944, prior to the collapse of the economy.

In 1939, Japan committed 22 percent of its GNP to its war effort in China; this rose to three-quarters of GNP in 1944. Italy did not mobilize its economy; its GNP committed to the war effort remained at prewar levels.

Italy and Japan lacked industrial capacity; their economies were small, dependent on, external sources of fuel and other industrial resources. As a result, Italian and Japanese mobilization remained low, even by 1943. Among the three major Axis powers, Japan had the lowest per capita income, while Germany and Italy had an income level comparable to the United Kingdom. Founding members of the Axis [ ] Germany [ ]. — Adolf Hitler, 1921 From 1921 to 1922 Hitler evoked rhetoric of both the achievement of lebensraum involving the acceptance of a territorially reduced Russia as well as supporting Russian nationals in overthrowing the Bolshevik government and establishing a new Russian government. However Hitler's attitudes changed by the end of 1922, in which he then supported an alliance of Germany with Britain to destroy Russia.

Later Hitler declared how far into Russia he intended to expand Germany to: Asia, what a disquieting reservoir of men! The safety of Europe will not be assured until we have driven Asia back behind the Urals. No organized Russian state must be allowed to exist west of that line. Further information: and The was created from the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. Shortly after Germany annexed the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, Slovakia declared its independence. The new allied itself with Germany.

The remainder of the country was occupied by German military forces and organized into the Protectorate. Czech civil institutions were preserved but the Protectorate was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany.

The was the name given to the territories of occupied Poland that were not directly annexed into German provinces, but like Bohemia and Moravia was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany. Belgium quickly surrendered to Germany, and the Belgian King remained in the country during the German military occupation from 1940 to 1944. The Belgian King cooperated closely with Germany and repeatedly sought assurances that Belgian rights would be retained once Germany achieved total victory. However, Hitler intended to annex Belgium and its Germanic population into the Greater Germanic Reich, initiated by the creation of, an authority run directly by the German government that sought the incorporation of the territory into the planned Germanic Reich. However Belgium was soon occupied by Allied forces in 1944.

Was an occupation authority and territory established in the Netherlands in 1940 designated as a colony to be incorporated into the planned Greater Germanic Reich. Was established in Norway in 1940. Like the Reichskommissariats in Belgium and the Netherlands, its Germanic peoples were to be incorporated into the Greater Germanic Reich. In Norway, the, headed by, was installed by the Germans as a client regime, while king and the legal. Autocad R12 Dos Downloads.

Quisling encouraged Norwegians to serve as volunteers, collaborated in the deportation of Jews, and was responsible for the executions of members of the. About 45,000 Norwegian collaborators joined the pro-Nazi party (National Union), and some police units helped arrest many Jews. However, Norway was one of the first countries where was widespread before the turning point of the war in 1943. After the war,. Quisling's name has become an international for. Was established in the Baltic region in 1941. Unlike the western Reichskommissariats that sought the incorporation of their majority Germanic peoples, Ostland were designed for settlement by Germans who would displace the non-Germanic majority living there, as part of lebensraum.

Was established in Ukraine in 1941. Like Ostland it was slated for settlement by Germans. The was established on occupied territory in April 1941, following the.

On 30 April a pro-German Serbian administration was formed under to serve as a civil administration in the military occupation zone. A joint and uprising in late 1941 became a serious concern for the Germans, as most of their forces were deployed to Russia; only three divisions were in the country. On 13 August 546 Serbs, including some of the country's prominent and influential leaders, issued an appeal to the Serbian nation that condemned the Partisan and royalist resistance as unpatriotic. Two weeks after the appeal, with the Partisan and royalist insurgency beginning to gain momentum, 75 prominent Serbs convened a meeting in Belgrade and formed a under Serbian General to replace the existing Serbian administration. The Germans were short of police and military forces in Serbia, and came to rely on poorly armed Serbian formations, the and, to maintain order. These forces, however, were not able to contain the resistance, and for the most of the war large parts of Serbia were under control of the Partisans or Chetniks (the two resistance movements soon became mutually-hostile). The Government of National Salvation, imbued with few powers upon formation, saw its functions further decreased and taken over by the occupation authorities as the war progressed.

After the initial mass revolts, the German authorities instituted an extreme regime of reprisals, proclaiming that 100 civilians would be executed for every German soldier killed, and 50 for each one wounded. These measures were actually implemented on more than one occasion: large-scale shootings took place in the Serbian towns of and during October 1941. Every territory ever controlled by the at some point in time during World War II In Europe [ ] The were an Italian dependency from 1912 to 1943. Montenegro was an Italian dependency from 1941 to 1943 known as the that was under the control of an Italian military governor.

Initially, the Italians intended that Montenegro would become an 'independent' state closely allied with Italy, reinforced through the strong dynastic links between Italy and Montenegro, as was a daughter of the last Montenegrin king. The Italian-backed Montenegrin nationalist and his followers attempted to create a Montenegrin state. On 12 July 1941, they proclaimed the 'Kingdom of Montenegro' under the protection of Italy.

In less than 24 hours, that triggered a. Within three weeks, the insurgents managed to capture almost all the territory of Montenegro.

Over 70,000 Italian troops and 20,000 of and irregulars were deployed to suppress the rebellion. Drljevic was expelled from Montenegro in October 1941.

Montenegro then came under full direct Italian control. With the Italian capitulation of 1943, Montenegro came directly under the control of Germany.

Was an Italian protectorate and dependency from 1939 to 1943. In spite of Albania's long-standing protection and alliance with Italy, on 7 April 1939 Italian troops Albania, five months before the start of the Second World War. Following the invasion, Albania became a protectorate under Italy, with King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy being awarded the crown of Albania. An Italian governor controlled Albania. Albanian troops under Italian control were sent to participate in the Italian invasion of Greece and the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia. [ ] Following Yugoslavia's defeat, Kosovo was annexed to Albania by the Italians.

Politically and economically dominated by Italy from its creation in 1913, Albania was occupied by Italian military forces in 1939 as the Albanian king Zog l fled the country with his family. The Albanian parliament voted to offer the Albanian throne to the King of Italy, resulting in a personal union between the two countries. The Albanian army, having been trained by Italian advisors, was reinforced by 100,000 Italian troops. A Fascist militia was organized, drawing its strength principally from Albanians of Italian descent. [ ] Albania served as the staging area for the Italian invasions of Greece and Yugoslavia.

Albania annexed Kosovo in 1941 when Yugoslavia was dissolved, creating a Greater Albania. Albanian troops were dispatched to the Eastern Front to fight the Soviets as part of the Italian Eighth Army. [ ] Albania declared war on the United States in 1941. When the Fascist regime of Italy fell, in September 1943 Albania fell under German occupation.

In Africa and Asia [ ] was an Italian colony existing from 1936 to 1943. Prior to the invasion and annexation of Ethiopia into this united colony in 1936, Italy had two colonies, Eritrea and Somalia since the 1880s. Was an Italian colony existing from 1912 to 1943. The northern portion of Libya was incorporated directly into Italy in 1939, however the region remained united as a colony under a colonial governor.

There was also a minor Italian concession territory in Tientsin, Republic of China. Japanese battleship under attack by American aircraft during the War justifications [ ] The Japanese government justified its actions by claiming that it was seeking to unite under Japanese leadership in a that would free East Asians from domination and rule by clients of Western powers and particularly the United States. Japan invoked themes of and said that the Asian people needed to be free from Western influence. The United States opposed the Japanese war in China, and recognized Chiang Kai-Shek's as the legitimate government of China. As a result, the United States sought to bring the Japanese war effort to a halt by imposing an embargo on all trade between the United States and Japan. Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its, and as a consequence the embargo resulted in an economic and military crisis for Japan, as Japan could not continue its war effort against China without access to petroleum.

In order to maintain its military campaign in China with the major loss of petroleum trade with the United States, Japan saw the best means to secure an alternative source of petroleum in the petroleum-rich and natural-resources-rich. This threat of retaliation by Japan to the total trade embargo by the United States was known by the American government, including American Secretary of State who was negotiating with the Japanese to avoid a war, fearing that the total embargo would pre-empt a Japanese attack on the.

Japan identified the American Pacific fleet based in as the principal threat to its designs to invade and capture Southeast Asia. Thus Japan initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 as a means to inhibit an American response to the invasion of Southeast Asia, and buy time to allow Japan to consolidate itself with these resources to engage in a against the United States, and force the United States to accept Japan's acquisitions. On 7 December 1941 Japan. History [ ] The, a constitutional monarchy ruled by, was the principal Axis power in Asia and the Pacific. Under the emperor were a political cabinet and the, with two chiefs of staff.

By 1945 the Emperor of Japan was more than a symbolic leader; he played a major role in devising a strategy to keep himself on the throne. At its peak, Japan's included,, large parts of,,,,,, a small part of India, and various Pacific Islands in the central Pacific. As a result of the internal discord and economic downturn of the 1920s, militaristic elements set Japan on a path of expansionism.

As the Japanese home islands lacked natural resources needed for growth, Japan planned to establish hegemony in Asia and become self-sufficient by acquiring territories with abundant natural resources. Japan's expansionist policies alienated it from other countries in the and by the mid-1930s brought it closer to Germany and Italy, who had both pursued similar expansionist policies. Cooperation between Japan and Germany began with the, in which the two countries agreed to ally to challenge any attack by the Soviet Union.

Japan entered into conflict in 1937. The Japanese invasion and occupation of parts of China resulted in numerous atrocities against civilians, such as the and the. The Japanese also with Soviet– forces in in 1938 and 1939. Japan sought to avoid war with the Soviet Union by signing a non-aggression pact with it in 1941. The Empire of Japan (darker red) and territories controlled by Japanese puppet states during the war (lighter red). Thailand (lightest red) cooperated with Japan.

All are members of the. Japan's military leaders were divided on diplomatic relationships with Germany and Italy and the attitude towards the United States. The was in favour of war with the United States, but the was generally strongly opposed. When General refused American demands that Japan withdraw its military forces from China, a confrontation became more likely.

War with the United States was being discussed within the Japanese government by 1940. Commander of the Combined Fleet Admiral was outspoken in his opposition, especially after the signing of the Tripartite Pact, saying on 14 October 1940: 'To fight the United States is like fighting the whole world. But it has been decided. So I will fight the best I can.

Doubtless I shall die on board [his flagship]. Meanwhile Tokyo will be burnt to the ground three times. Konoe and others will be torn to pieces by the revengeful people, I [shouldn't] wonder. ' In October and November 1940, Yamamoto communicated with Navy Minister Oikawa, and stated, 'Unlike the pre-Tripartite days, great determination is required to make certain that we avoid the danger of going to war.

' With the European powers focused on the war in Europe, Japan sought to acquire their colonies. In 1940 Japan responded to the by occupying.

The regime, a de facto ally of Germany, accepted the takeover. The allied forces did not respond with war. However, the United States instituted an embargo against Japan in 1941 because of the continuing war in China.

This cut off Japan's supply of scrap metal and oil needed for industry, trade, and the war effort. To isolate the US forces stationed in the and to reduce US naval power, the ordered on the US naval base at, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941. They also invaded and.

Initially achieving a series of victories, by 1943 the Japanese forces were driven back towards the home islands. The lasted until the in 1945. The Soviets formally declared war in August 1945 and in Manchuria and northeast China.

Colonies and dependencies [ ]. Japanese officers training Indonesian recruits Taiwan, then known as Formosa, was a Japanese dependency established in 1895. Korea was a Japanese protectorate and dependency formally established by the.

The were territories granted to Japan in 1919 in the peace agreements of World War I, that designated to Japan the German South Pacific islands. Japan received these as a reward by the Allies of World War I, when Japan was then allied against Germany.

Japan occupied the during the war. Japan planned to transform these territories into a client state of and sought alliance with Indonesian nationalists including future Indonesian President, however these efforts did not deliver the creation of an Indonesian state until after Japan's surrender. Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact [ ] In addition to the 3 major Axis powers, 4 more countries and 2 puppet regimes signed the Tri-Partite Pact as its member states.

Of the 4 countries, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria participated in various Axis military operations with their national armed forces, while the 4th, Yugoslavia, saw its pro-Nazi government overthrown in a coup merely days after it signed the Pact, and the membership was reversed. The 2 puppet regimes that signed the Tri-Partite Pact, Tiso-led Slovakia and the Independent State of Croatia are listed among the client states section below. Bulgaria [ ]. Bulgarian soldiers in during the Balkans campaign The was ruled by when it signed the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941. Bulgaria had been on the losing side in the First World War and sought a return of lost ethnically and historically Bulgarian territories, specifically in and (all within, and ). During the 1930s, because of traditional right-wing elements, Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany.

In 1940 Germany pressured Romania to sign the, returning to Bulgaria the region of, which it had lost in 1913. The Germans also promised Bulgaria — if it joined the Axis — an enlargement of its territory to the borders specified in the. Bulgaria participated in the and Greece by letting German troops attack from its territory and sent troops to Greece on April 20. As a reward, the Axis powers allowed Bulgaria to occupy parts of both countries—southern and south-eastern Yugoslavia () and north-eastern Greece (parts of and ).

The Bulgarian forces in these areas spent the following years fighting various nationalist groups and. Despite German pressure, Bulgaria did not take part in the and actually never declared war on the Soviet Union.

The was nonetheless involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet, which attacked Bulgarian shipping. D.520 of the Bulgarian Air Force Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Bulgarian government declared war on the. This action remained largely symbolic (at least from the Bulgarian perspective), until August 1943, when Bulgarian air defense and air force attacked Allied bombers, returning (heavily damaged) from a mission over the Romanian oil refineries. This turned into a disaster for the citizens of and other major Bulgarian cities, which were heavily bombed by the Allies in the winter of 1943–1944. On 2 September 1944, as the approached the Bulgarian border, a new Bulgarian government came to power and sought peace with the Allies, expelled the few remaining German troops, and declared neutrality.

These measures however did not prevent the Soviet Union from declaring war on Bulgaria on 5 September, and on 8 September the Red Army marched into the country, meeting no resistance. This was followed by the, which brought a government of the pro-Soviet to power.

After this, the Bulgarian army (as part of the Red Army's ) fought the Germans in Yugoslavia and Hungary, sustaining numerous casualties. Despite this, the treated Bulgaria as one of the defeated countries. Bulgaria was allowed to keep, but had to give up all claims to Greek and Yugoslav territory. Hungarian soldiers in the in 1944 On 25 November 1941, Hungary was one of thirteen signatories to the revived Anti-Comintern Pact. Hungarian troops, like their Axis counterparts, were involved in numerous actions against the Soviets. By the end of 1943, the Soviets had gained the upper hand and the Germans were retreating. The Hungarian Second Army was destroyed in fighting on the, on the banks of the.

In 1944, with Soviet troops advancing toward Hungary, Horthy attempted to reach an armistice with the Allies. However, the Germans.

After fierce fighting, Budapest was taken by the Soviets. A number of pro-German Hungarians retreated to Italy and Germany, where they fought until the end of the war. Main articles:,, and Yugoslavia was largely surrounded by members of the pact and now bordered the German Reich. From late 1940 Hitler sought a non-aggression pact with Yugoslavia. In February 1941, Hitler called for Yugoslavia's accession to the Tripartite Pact, the Yugoslav delayed. In March, divisions of the German army arrived at the Bulgarian-Yugoslav border and permission was sought for them to pass through to attack Greece. On 25 March 1941, fearing that Yugoslavia would be invaded otherwise, the Yugoslav government signed the Tripartite Pact with significant reservations.

Unlike other Axis powers, Yugoslavia was not obliged to provide military assistance, nor to provide its territory for Axis to move military forces during the war. Less than two days later, after demonstrations in the streets of Belgrade, Prince Paul and the government were removed from office by a. Seventeen-year-old was declared to be of age. The new Yugoslav government under General, refused to ratify Yugoslavia's signing of the Tripartite Pact, and started negotiations with Great Britain and Soviet Union. Winston Churchill commented that 'Yugoslavia has found its soul'; however, Hitler invaded and quickly took control. Co-belligerent state combatants [ ] Various countries fought side by side with the Axis powers for a common cause. These countries were not signatories of the Tripartite Pact and thus not formal members of the Axis.

Main article: Although Finland never signed the Tripartite Pact and legally (de jure) was not a part of the Axis, it was Axis-aligned in its fight against the Soviet Union. Finland signed the revived Anti-Comintern Pact of November 1941. The August 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol dividing much of eastern Europe and assigning Finland to the Soviet sphere of influence.

After unsuccessfully attempting to force territorial and other concessions on the Finns, the Soviet Union tried to invade Finland in November 1939 during the, intending to establish a communist puppet government in Finland. The conflict threatened Germany's iron-ore supplies and offered the prospect of Allied interference in the region. Despite Finnish resistance, a peace treaty was signed in March 1940, wherein Finland ceded some key territory to the Soviet Union, including the, containing Finland's second-largest city,, and the critical defensive structure of the. After this war, Finland sought protection and support from the United Kingdom and non-aligned Sweden, but was thwarted by Soviet and German actions. This resulted in Finland being drawn closer to Germany, first with the intent of enlisting German support as a counterweight to thwart continuing Soviet pressure, and later to help regain lost territories.

In the opening days of Operation Barbarossa, Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Finland permitted German planes returning from mine dropping runs over and to refuel at Finnish airfields before returning to bases in. In retaliation, the Soviet Union launched a major air offensive against Finnish airfields and towns, which resulted in a Finnish declaration of war against the Soviet Union on 25 June 1941. The Finnish conflict with the Soviet Union is generally referred to as the. With Hitler Finland's main objective was to regain territory lost to the Soviet Union in the Winter War. However, on 10 July 1941, Field Marshal issued an that contained a formulation understood internationally as a Finnish territorial interest in Russian.

Diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Finland were severed on 1 August 1941, after the British bombed German forces in the Finnish village and port of. The United Kingdom repeatedly called on Finland to cease its offensive against the Soviet Union, and declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941, although no other military operations followed. War was never declared between Finland and the United States, though relations were severed between the two countries in 1944 as a result of the.

Finnish troops passing by the remains of a destroyed Soviet T-34 at the Finland maintained command of its armed forces and pursued war objectives independently of Germany. Germans and Finns did work closely together during, a joint offensive against Murmansk.

Finland refused German requests to participate actively in the, and also granted asylum to Jews, while Jewish soldiers continued to serve in its army. The relationship between Finland and Germany more closely resembled an alliance during the six weeks of the Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement, which was presented as a German condition for help with munitions and air support, as the threatened Finland with complete occupation. The agreement, signed by President but never ratified by the Finnish Parliament, bound Finland not to seek a separate peace. After Soviet offensives were fought to a standstill, Ryti's successor as president, Marshall Mannerheim, dismissed the agreement and opened secret negotiations with the Soviets, which resulted in a ceasefire on 4 September and the on 19 September 1944. Under the terms of the armistice, Finland was obliged to expel German troops from Finnish territory, which resulted in the. Finland signed a with the Allied powers in 1947.

An officer investigates wrecked Iraqi artillery near. The was briefly an ally of the Axis, fighting the United Kingdom in the of May 1941. Anti-British sentiments were widespread in Iraq prior to 1941. Seizing power on 1 April 1941, the nationalist government of repudiated the and demanded that the British abandon their military bases and withdraw from the country. Ali sought support from Germany and Italy in expelling British forces from Iraq. On 9 May 1941,, the of and associate of Ali, declared holy war against the British and called on Arabs throughout the Middle East to rise up against British rule.

On 25 May 1941, the Germans stepped up offensive operations in the Middle East. Hitler issued: 'The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East is our natural ally against England.

In this connection special importance is attached to the liberation of Iraq. I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq. ' Hostilities between the Iraqi and British forces began on 2 May 1941, with heavy fighting at in. The Germans and Italians dispatched aircraft and aircrew to Iraq utilizing Vichy French bases in Syria, which would later invoke fighting between. The Germans planned to coordinate a combined German-Italian offensive against the British in Egypt,, and Iraq.

Iraqi military resistance ended by 31 May 1941. Rashid Ali and the Mufti of Jerusalem fled to Iran, then Turkey, Italy, and finally Germany, where Ali was welcomed by Hitler as head of the Iraqi in Berlin. In propaganda broadcasts from Berlin, the Mufti continued to call on Arabs to rise up against the British and aid German and Italian forces. He also helped recruit volunteers in the Balkans for the. Thailand [ ]. RSI () soldiers, March 1944 Italian Fascist leader formed the Italian Social Republic ( Repubblica Sociale Italiana in ) on 23 September 1943, succeeding the Kingdom of Italy as a member of the Axis. Mussolini had been removed from office and arrested by King Victor Emmanuel III on 25 July 1943.

After the Italian armistice, in a led by German paratrooper, Mussolini was rescued from arrest. Once restored to power, Mussolini declared that Italy was a and that he was the new head of state. He was subject to German control for the duration of the war. Slovakia (Tiso regime) [ ]. Slovakia in 1941 The under President signed the Tripartite Pact on 24 November 1940. Slovakia had been closely aligned with Germany almost immediately from its declaration of independence from Czechoslovakia on 14 March 1939.

Slovakia entered into a treaty of protection with Germany on 23 March 1939. Slovak troops joined the German invasion of Poland, having interest in and. Those two regions, along with, had been between Poland and Czechoslovakia since 1918. The Poles fully annexed them following the. After the invasion of Poland, Slovakia reclaimed control of those territories.

Greece, 1941–1944 Following the of Greece and the flight of the to Crete and then Egypt, the was formed in May 1941 as a puppet state of both Italy and Germany. Initially, Italy had wished to annex Greece, but was pressured by Germany to avoid civil unrest such as had occurred in Bulgarian-annexed areas. The result was Italy accepting the creation of a puppet regime with the support of Germany. Italy had been assured by Hitler of a primary role in Greece. Most of the country was held by Italian forces, but strategic locations (, the islands of the northeastern Aegean, most of, and parts of ) were held by the Germans, who seized most of the country's economic assets and effectively controlled the collaborationist government. The puppet regime never commanded any real authority, and did not gain the allegiance of the people. It was somewhat successful in preventing secessionist movements like the from establishing themselves.

By mid-1943, the had liberated large parts of the mountainous interior ('Free Greece'), setting up a separate administration there. After the Italian armistice, the Italian occupation zone was taken over by the German armed forces, who remained in charge of the country until their withdrawal in autumn 1944. In some Aegean islands, German garrisons were left behind, and surrendered only after the end of the war. Japanese [ ]. Main article: The Japanese Army and Burma nationalists, led by, seized control of Burma from the United Kingdom during 1942.

A was formed on 1 August under the Burmese nationalist leader. The Ba Maw regime established the Burma Defence Army (later renamed the ), which was commanded. Cambodia [ ] The was a short-lived Japanese puppet state that lasted from 9 March 1945 to 15 August 1945. The Japanese entered Cambodia in mid-1941, but allowed Vichy French officials to remain in administrative posts. The Japanese calls for an 'Asia for the Asiatics' won over many Cambodian nationalists. This policy changed during the last months of the war. The Japanese wanted to gain local support, so they dissolved French colonial rule and pressured Cambodia to declare its independence within the.

Four days later, King declared Kampuchea (the original pronunciation of Cambodia) independent. Co-editor of the Nagaravatta,, returned from Tokyo in May and was appointed foreign minister. On the date of Japanese surrender, a new government was proclaimed with Son Ngoc Thanh as prime minister. When the Allies occupied in October, Son Ngoc Thanh was arrested for collaborating with the Japanese and was exiled to France. Some of his supporters went to northwestern Cambodia, which had been under Thai control since the of 1940, where they banded together as one faction in the movement, originally formed with Thai encouragement in the 1940s. China (Reorganized National Government of China) [ ] During the, Japan advanced from its bases in Manchuria to occupy much of East and Central China.

Several Japanese puppet states were organized in areas occupied by the Japanese Army, including the at, which was formed in 1937, and the at Nanjing, which was formed in 1938. These governments were merged into the at Nanjing on 29 March 1940. Became head of state.

The government was to be run along the same lines as the Nationalist regime and adopted its symbols. The Nanjing Government had no real power; its main role was to act as a propaganda tool for the Japanese. The Nanjing Government concluded agreements with Japan and Manchukuo, authorising Japanese occupation of China and recognising the independence of Manchukuo under Japanese protection. The Nanjing Government signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 and declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 9 January 1943. The government had a strained relationship with the Japanese from the beginning. Wang's insistence on his regime being the true Nationalist government of China and in replicating all the symbols of the led to frequent conflicts with the Japanese, the most prominent being the issue of the regime's flag, which was identical to that of the. The worsening situation for Japan from 1943 onwards meant that the Nanking Army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied China than the Japanese had initially envisaged.

The army was almost continuously employed against the communist. Wang Jingwei died on 10 November 1944, and was succeeded by his deputy,. Chen had little influence; the real power behind the regime was, the mayor of Shanghai. Wang's death dispelled what little legitimacy the regime had. The state stuttered on for another year and continued the display and show of a fascist regime. On 9 September 1945, following the defeat of Japan, the area was surrendered to General, a nationalist general loyal to.

The Nanking Army generals quickly declared their alliance to the Generalissimo, and were subsequently ordered to resist Communist attempts to fill the vacuum left by the Japanese surrender. Chen Gongbo was tried and executed in 1946.

India (Provisional Government of Free India) [ ]. Main articles: and The Arzi Hukumat-e-, the Provisional Government of Free India was a state that was recognized by nine Axis governments. It was led by, an who rejected 's nonviolent methods for achieving independence. The faltered after its leadership objected to being a propaganda tool for Japanese war aims, and the role of. It was revived by the with Japanese support in 1942 after the ex-PoWs and Indian civilians in South-east Asia agreed to participate in the INA venture on the condition it was led.

Bose declared India's independence on October 21, 1943. The Indian National Army was committed as a part of the. The Witcher Enhanced Edition Torrent Mac. It played a largely marginal role in the battle, and suffered serious casualties and had to withdraw with the rest of Japanese forces after the was broken.

It was later committed to the defence of Burma. It suffered a large number of desertions in this latter part. The remaining troops of the INA maintained order in Rangoon after the withdrawal of Ba Maw's government withdrew. Although The provisional government was given nominal control of the from November 1943 to August 1945. Inner Mongolia (Mengjiang) [ ] was a Japanese puppet state in. It was nominally ruled by Prince, a nobleman descended from, but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military. Mengjiang's independence was proclaimed on 18 February 1936, following the Japanese occupation of the region.

The Inner Mongolians had several grievances against the central Chinese government in Nanking, including their policy of allowing unlimited migration of Han Chinese to the region. Several of the young princes of Inner Mongolia began to agitate for greater freedom from the central government, and it was through these men that Japanese saw their best chance of exploiting Pan-Mongol nationalism and eventually seizing control of Outer Mongolia from the Soviet Union. Japan created Mengjiang to exploit tensions between ethnic Mongolians and the central government of China, which in theory ruled Inner Mongolia. When the various puppet governments of China were unified under the government in March 1940, Mengjiang retained its separate identity as an autonomous federation. Although under the firm control of the Japanese Imperial Army, which occupied its territory, Prince Demchugdongrub had his own independent army. Mengjiang vanished in 1945 following Japan's defeat in World War II. As Soviet forces advanced into Inner Mongolia, they met limited resistance from small detachments of Mongolian cavalry, which, like the rest of the army, were quickly overwhelmed.

Laos [ ] Fears of Thai irredentism led to the formation of the first Lao nationalist organization, the Movement for National Renovation, in January 1941. The group was led by Prince and supported by local French officials, though not by the Vichy authorities in. This group wrote the current and designed the current, while paradoxically pledging support for France. The country declared its independence in 1945. The liberation of France in 1944, bringing to power, meant the end of the alliance between Japan and the Vichy French administration in Indochina. The Japanese had no intention of allowing the to take over, and in March 1945 they staged a military coup in Hanoi.

Some French units fled over the mountains to Laos, pursued by the Japanese, who occupied in March 1945 and in April. King was detained by the Japanese, but his son Crown Prince called on all to assist the French, and many Lao died fighting against the Japanese occupiers. [ ] Prince Phetxarāt opposed this position.

He thought that Lao independence could be gained by siding with the Japanese, who made him Prime Minister of Luang Phrabāng, though not of Laos as a whole. The country was in chaos, and Phetxarāt's government had no real authority. Another Lao group, the Lao Sēri (Free Lao), received unofficial support from the Free Thai movement in the region. Manchuria (Manchukuo) [ ].

Manchurian pilots of the Manchukuo Air Force Manchukuo, in the northeast region of China, had been a Japanese puppet state in since the 1930s. It was nominally ruled by, the last emperor of the, but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military, in particular the. While Manchukuo ostensibly was a state for ethnic, the region had a majority. Following the in 1931, the independence of Manchukuo was proclaimed on 18 February 1932, with Puyi as head of state.

He was proclaimed the Emperor of Manchukuo a year later. The new Manchu nation was recognized by 23 of the ' 80 members. Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union were among the major powers who recognised Manchukuo. Other countries who recognized the State were the,, and. Manchukuo was also recognised by the other Japanese allies and puppet states, including Mengjiang, the Burmese government of,, the Wang Jingwei regime, and the Indian government of. The League of Nations later declared in 1934 that Manchuria lawfully remained a part of China.

This precipitated Japanese withdrawal from the League. The Manchukuoan state ceased to exist after the in 1945. Philippines (Second Republic) [ ].

Main article: After the of the Filipino and American forces in and, the Japanese established a puppet state in the Philippines in 1942. The following year, the declared the Philippines an and elected as its. There was never widespread civilian support for the state, largely because of the general stemming from atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army. The Second Philippine Republic ended with Japanese surrender in 1945, and Laurel was arrested and charged with treason by the US government. He was granted amnesty by President, and remained active in politics, ultimately winning a seat in the post-war. Vietnam (Empire of Vietnam) [ ] The was a short-lived Japanese puppet state that lasted from 11 March to 23 August 1945. When the Japanese seized control of, they allowed Vichy French administrators to remain in nominal control.

This French rule ended on 9 March 1945, when the Japanese officially took control of the government. Soon after, Emperor voided the 1884 treaty with France and, a historian, became prime minister.

The state suffered through the and replaced schools with schools, taught by Vietnamese scholars. Controversial cases [ ]. Denmark was occupied by Germany after April 1940 but never joined the Axis. On 31 May 1939, Denmark and Germany signed a treaty of non-aggression, which did not contain any military obligations for either party. On April 9, Germany, and the speed of the German invasion of Denmark prevented King and the Danish government from going into exile. They had to accept 'protection by the Reich' and the stationing of German forces in exchange for nominal independence.

Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany, extending diplomatic recognition to Axis collaborator and puppet regimes, and breaking diplomatic relations with the Allied governments-in-exile. Denmark broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941. However the United States and Britain ignored Denmark and worked with Denmark's ambassadors when it came to dealings about using Iceland, Greenland, and the Danish merchant fleet against Germany.

In 1941 Danish Nazis set up the. Thousands of volunteers fought and many died as part of the German Army on the Eastern Front. Denmark sold agricultural and industrial products to Germany and made loans for armaments and fortifications. The German presence in Denmark, including the construction of the Danish paid for part of the fortifications and was never reimbursed. The Danish protectorate government lasted until 29 August 1943, when the cabinet resigned after the election concluding the 's current term. The Germans imposed, and Danish collaboration continued on an administrative level, with the Danish bureaucracy functioning under. The scuttled 32 of its larger ships; Germany seized 64 ships and later raised and refitted 15 of the sunken vessels.

13 warships escaped to Sweden and formed a Danish naval flotilla in exile. Sweden allowed formation of a Danish military brigade in exile; it did not see combat. The resistance movement was active in sabotage and issuing underground newspapers and blacklists of collaborators.

Soviet Union [ ]. German and Soviet soldiers during the official transfer of to Soviet control in front of picture of Stalin, in the aftermath of the invasion and by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939. Relations between the Soviet Union and the major Axis powers were generally hostile before 1938. In the, the Soviet Union gave military aid to the, against forces, which were assisted by Germany and Italy. However, the Nationalist forces were victorious. The Soviets suffered another political defeat when their ally Czechoslovakia was partitioned and taken over by Germany in 1938–39. In 1938 and 1939, the USSR fought and defeated Japan in two separate border conflicts, at and.

The latter was a major Soviet victory that led the Japanese Army to avoid war with the Soviets and instead call for expansion south. In 1939 the Soviet Union considered forming an alliance with either or with Germany. When negotiations with Britain and France failed, they turned to Germany and signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939.

Germany was now freed from the risk of war with the Soviets, and was assured a supply of oil. This included a secret protocol whereby the independent countries of Finland,,,, Poland, and Romania were divided into of the parties. The Soviet Union had been forced to cede Western and Western to Poland after losing the of 1919–1921, and the Soviet Union sought to regain those territories.

On 1 September, barely a week after the pact had been signed,. The Soviet Union on 17 September and on 28 September signed a secret treaty with Nazi Germany to arrange coordination of fighting against Polish resistance. The Soviets targeted intelligence, entrepreneurs, and officers, committing a string of atrocities that culminated in the and mass relocation to the in Siberia.

Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and annexed and from Romania. The Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939, which started the. Finnish defences prevented an all-out invasion, resulting in an, but Finland was forced to cede strategically important border areas near. The Soviet Union provided material support to Germany in the war effort against Western Europe through a pair of commercial agreements, in 1939 and in 1940, which involved exports of raw materials (, and,, grain, cotton, and rubber). These and other export goods transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories allowed Germany to circumvent the British naval blockade.

In October and November 1940, about the potential of joining the Axis took place in Berlin. Later personally countered with a separate proposal in a letter on 25 November that contained several secret protocols, including that 'the area south of and in the general direction of the is recognized as the center of aspirations of the Soviet Union', referring to an area approximating present day Iraq and Iran, and a Soviet claim to Bulgaria. Hitler never responded to Stalin's letter.

Shortly thereafter, Hitler issued a secret directive on the invasion of the Soviet Union. Germany ended the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact by invading the Soviet Union in on 22 June 1941. That resulted in the Soviet Union becoming one of the main members of. Germany then revived its Anti-Comintern Pact, enlisting many European and Asian countries in opposition to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union and Japan remained neutral towards each other for most of the war by the.

The Soviet Union ended the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact on 9 August 1945, due to agreements reached at the with Roosevelt and Churchill. See also: Germany's and Italy's declaration of war against the United States [ ] On 7 December 1941, Japan, Hawaii. According to the stipulation of the, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were required to come to the defense of their allies only if they were attacked.

Since Japan had made the first move, Germany and Italy were not obliged to aid her until the United States counterattacked. Nevertheless, expecting the US to declare war on Germany in any event, Hitler ordered the to. Historian suggests that this declaration of war against the United States was a serious blunder made by Germany and Italy, as it allowed the United States to join the war in Europe and North Africa without any limitation. On the other hand, American destroyers escorting convoys had been effectively intervening in the with German and Italian ships and submarines in the Atlantic, and the immediate war declaration made the possible for U-boats.

The US had effectively abandoned its strictly neutral stance in March 1941 with the beginning of. Roosevelt had said in his Fireside Chat on 9 December 1941 that Germany and Italy considered themselves to be in a state of war with the United States. Plans for had been published by the press early in December 1941, and Hitler could no longer ignore the amount of economic and military aid the US was giving Britain and the USSR. Americans played key roles in financing and supplying the Allies, in the strategic bombardment of Germany, and in the final invasion of the European continent.

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