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• Does not include. (With the territories it is the 61st largest country at 385,178 square kilometers) • This percentage is for the mainland, Svalbard, and Jan Mayen. This percentage counts glaciers as 'land'. It's calculated as 19,940.14/(365,246.17+19,940.14). • Two more TLDs have been assigned, but are not used: for Svalbard and Jan Mayen; for. Norway ( ( );: () or ();: Norga), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a and whose territory comprises the western portion of the plus the remote island of and the archipelago of. The Antarctic and the sub-Antarctic are and thus not considered part of the Kingdom.

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Norway also lays claim to a section of known as. Until 1814, the kingdom included the,, and. It also included until 1658, and until 1645, and until 1468, and the and until 1266. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of 5,258,317 (as of January 2017).

The country shares a long eastern border with ( or 1,006 mi long). Norway is bordered by and to the north-east, and the strait to the south, with on the other side. Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the. Of the Dano-German is the current. Became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing. A, Norway between the, the and the, as determined by the. The kingdom was established as a merger of a large number of.

By the traditional count from the year, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,145 years, and the list of Norwegian monarchs includes over sixty kings and earls. Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels: and. The have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the and the.

Norway with both the and the. Norway is a founding member of the,, the, the, the, and the; a member of the, the, and the; and a part of the. The country maintains a combination of and a with and a comprehensive system. Norway has extensive reserves of,,,,,, and. The petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country's (GDP). On a basis, Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the.

The country has the in the world on the and lists. On the 's GDP (PPP) per capita list (2015 estimate) which includes autonomous territories and regions, Norway ranks as number eleven. It has the world's largest, with a value of USD 1 trillion. Norway has had the highest ranking in the world since 2009, a position also held previously between 2001 and 2006.

It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking. Norway ranks first on the, the, the, and the. Main article: The first inhabitants were the (11th to 10th millennia BC), which was a late culture during the Younger Dryas, the last period of cold at the end of the Weichsel glaciation. The culture is named after the village of, 25 km (15.53 mi) north-east of Hamburg in the, where wooden arrow shafts and clubs have been excavated. The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the huge ice shelf of the first melted between 11,000 and 8,000 BC. The oldest finds are stone tools dating from 9,500 to 6,000 BC, discovered in () in the north and () in the south-west. However, theories about two altogether different cultures (the Komsa culture north of the being one and the Fosna culture from to being the other) were rendered obsolete in the 1970s.

Approximate extent of the More recent finds along the entire coast revealed to archaeologists that the difference between the two can simply be ascribed to different types of tools and not to different cultures. Coastal fauna provided a means of livelihood for fishermen and hunters, who may have made their way along the southern coast about 10,000 BC when the interior was still covered with ice. It is now thought that these so-called 'Arctic' peoples came from the south and followed the coast northward considerably later.

In the southern part of the country are dwelling sites dating from about 5,000 BC. Finds from these sites give a clearer idea of the life of the hunting and fishing peoples. The implements vary in shape and mostly are made of different kinds of stone; those of later periods are more skilfully made. Petroglyphs) have been found, usually near hunting and fishing grounds.

They represent game such as,,,,,,, and (especially and ), all of which were vital to the way of life of the coastal peoples. The carvings at in Finnmark, the largest in Scandinavia, were made at sea level from 4,200 to 500 BC and mark the progression of the land as the sea rose after the last ice age ended (). Locations of the tribes described by in Norway Between 3000 and 2500 BC new settlers () arrived in. They were who grew and kept and. The hunting-fishing population of the west coast was also gradually replaced by farmers, though hunting and fishing remained useful secondary means of livelihood.

From about 1500 BC, was gradually introduced, but the use of stone implements continued; Norway had few riches to barter for bronze goods, and the few finds consist mostly of elaborate weapons and brooches that only chieftains could afford. Huge burial cairns built close to the sea as far north as and also inland in the south are characteristic of this period. The motifs of the rock carvings differ from those typical of the. Representations of the,,,,, and people are all strongly stylised. Thousands of from this period depict ships, and the large stone burial monuments known as, suggest that ships and seafaring played an important role in the culture at large. The depicted ships, most likely represent sewn plank built used for warfare, fishing and trade. These ship types may have their origin as far back as the neolithic period and they continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age, as exemplified by the.

See also: The destruction of the by the in the 5th century is characterised by rich finds, including ' graves containing magnificent weapons and gold objects. [ ] Hill forts were built on precipitous rocks for defence. Excavation has revealed stone foundations of farmhouses 18 to 27 metres (59 to 89 ft) long—one even 46 metres (151 feet) long—the roofs of which were supported on wooden posts. These houses were family homesteads where several generations lived together, with people and cattle under one roof. [ ] These states were based on either or (e.g., the of in ). By the 9th century, each of these small states had (local or regional assemblies), [ ] for negotiating and settling disputes. The thing meeting places, each eventually with a (open-air sanctuary) or a (temple; literally 'hill'), were usually situated on the oldest and best farms, which belonged to the chieftains and wealthiest farmers.

The regional things united to form even larger units: assemblies of deputy yeomen from several regions. In this way, the lagting (assemblies for negotiations and lawmaking) developed. The Gulating had its meeting place by and may have been the centre of an aristocratic confederation [ ] along the western fjords and islands called the Gulatingslag. The Frostating was the assembly for the leaders in the area; the, near, seem to have enlarged the Frostatingslag by adding the coastland from to. [ ] Viking Age.

The found in is the only known reconstructable helmet From the 8th to the 10th century, the wider Scandinavian region was the source of. The looting of the monastery at in Northeast England in 793 by has long been regarded as the event which marked the beginning of the. This age was characterised by expansion and emigration by Viking. They, raided, and traded in all parts of Europe. Norwegian Viking explorers first discovered by accident in the 9th century when heading for the, and eventually came across, known today as, in.

The Vikings from Norway were most active in the northern and western and eastern isles. According to tradition, unified them into one in 872 after the in, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway. Harald's realm was mainly a South Norwegian coastal state. Fairhair ruled with a strong hand and according to the sagas, many Norwegians left the country to live in Iceland, the,, and parts of and. The modern-day Irish cities of, and were founded by Norwegian settlers. Norwegian, Danish and Swedish expansion during the Viking age between 800–1050 were slowly replaced by in the late 10th and early 11th centuries.

One of the most important sources for the history of the 11th century Vikings is the treaty between the Icelanders and Olaf Haraldsson, king of Norway circa 1015 to 1028. This is largely attributed to the missionary kings and. Was Norway's first Christian king, in the mid-10th century, though his attempt to introduce the religion was rejected. Born sometime in between 963–969, Olav Tryggvasson set off raiding in with 390 ships.

He attacked during this raiding. Arriving back in Norway in 995, Olav landed in. There he built a church which became the first ever built in Norway. From Moster, Olav sailed north to where he was proclaimed King of Norway by the Eyrathing in 995. Never really developed in Norway or Sweden, as it did in the rest of Europe. However, the administration of government took on a very conservative feudal character. The forced the royalty to cede to them greater and greater concessions over foreign trade and the economy.

The League had this hold over the royalty because of the loans the Hansa had made to the royalty and the large debt the kings were carrying. The League's monopolistic control over the economy of Norway put pressure on all classes, especially the peasantry, to the degree that no real burgher class existed in Norway.

Kalmar Union. See also: Upon the death of (King of Norway) in 1319,, at just three years old, inherited the throne as King Magnus VII of Norway.

At the same time, a movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful, and both the kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles, Thus, with his election to the throne of Sweden, both Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus VII. In 1349, the radically altered Norway, killing between 50% and 60% of its population and leaving it in a period of social and economic decline. The plague left Norway very poor. Although the death rate was comparable with the rest of Europe, economic recovery took much longer because of the small, scattered population. Even before the plague, the population was only about 500,000. After the plague, many farms lay idle while the population slowly increased. However, the few surviving farms' tenants found their bargaining positions with their landlords greatly strengthened.

1400 AD King Magnus VII ruled Norway until 1350, when his son, Haakon, was placed on the throne as. In 1363, Haakon VI married, the daughter of King. Upon the death of Haakon VI, in 1379, his son,, was only 10 years old. Olaf had already been elected to the throne of Denmark on 3 May 1376. Thus, upon Olaf's accession to the throne of Norway, Denmark and Norway entered. Olaf's mother and Haakon's widow, Queen Margaret, managed the foreign affairs of Denmark and Norway during the minority of Olaf IV.

Margaret was working toward a union of Sweden with Denmark and Norway by having Olaf elected to the Swedish throne. She was on the verge of achieving this goal when Olaf IV suddenly died. However, Denmark made Margaret temporary ruler upon the death of Olaf. On 2 February 1388, Norway followed suit and crowned Margaret. Queen Margaret knew that her power would be more secure if she were able to find a king to rule in her place. She settled on, grandson of her sister. Thus at an all-Scandinavian meeting held at Kalmar, Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of all three Scandinavian countries.

Thus, royal politics resulted in personal unions between the, eventually bringing the thrones of Norway,, and under the control of Queen Margaret when the country entered into the. Union with Denmark. See also: After Sweden broke out of the in 1521, Norway tried to follow suit, [ ] but the subsequent rebellion was defeated, and Norway remained in a union with Denmark until 1814, a total of 434 years. During the of the 19th century, this period was referred to as the '400-Year Night', since all of the kingdom's royal, intellectual, and administrative power was centred in in Denmark. In fact, it was a period of great prosperity and progress for Norway, especially in terms of shipping and foreign trade, and it also secured the country's revival from the demographic catastrophe it suffered in the.

Based on the respective natural resources, Denmark–Norway was in fact a very good match since Denmark supported Norway's needs for grain and food supplies, and Norway supplied Denmark with timber, metal, and fish. The between an allied Dano-Norwegian– fleet and the Swedish navy, 8 November 1658 (29 October ) With the in 1536, the archbishopric in Trondheim was dissolved, and Norway lost its independence, and effectually became a of Denmark. The Church's incomes and possessions were instead redirected to the court in Copenhagen. Norway lost the steady stream of pilgrims to the relics of at the shrine, and with them, much of the contact with cultural and economic life in the rest of Europe. Eventually restored as a kingdom (albeit in legislative union with Denmark) in 1661, Norway saw its land area decrease in the 17th century with the loss of the provinces,, and to Sweden, as the result of a number of disastrous wars with Sweden. In the north, however, its territory was increased by the acquisition of the northern provinces of and, at the expense of Sweden and Russia. The of 1695–1696 killed roughly 10% of Norway's population.

The harvest failed in Scandinavia at least nine times between 1740 and 1800, with great loss of life. Union with Sweden. The 1814 constitutional assembly, painted by After Denmark–Norway was attacked by the at the, it entered into an alliance with, with the war leading to dire conditions and mass in 1812. As the Danish kingdom found itself on the losing side in 1814, it was forced, under terms of the, to cede Norway to the king of Sweden, while the old Norwegian provinces of Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands remained with the Danish crown. Norway took this opportunity to declare independence, adopted a constitution based on and models, and elected the Crown Prince of Denmark and Norway,, as king on 17 May 1814. This is the famous (Seventeenth of May) holiday celebrated by Norwegians and Norwegian-Americans alike.

Syttende Mai is also called Norwegian Constitution Day. Norwegian opposition to the great powers' decision to link Norway with Sweden caused the to break out as Sweden tried to subdue Norway by military means. As Sweden's military was not strong enough to defeat the Norwegian forces outright, and Norway's treasury was not large enough to support a protracted war, and as British and Russian navies blockaded the Norwegian coast, the belligerents were forced to negotiate the.

According to the terms of the convention, Christian Frederik abdicated the Norwegian throne and authorised the to make the necessary constitutional amendments to allow for the that Norway was forced to accept. On 4 November 1814, the Parliament (Storting) elected as king of Norway, thereby establishing the.

Under this arrangement, Norway kept its liberal constitution and its own independent institutions, except for the foreign service. Following the recession caused by the, economic development of Norway remained slow until economic growth began around 1830. Harvesting of oats in, c.

1890 This period also saw the rise of the, as Norwegians sought to define and express a distinct national character. The movement covered all branches of culture, including literature ( [1808–1845], [1832–1910], [1812–1845], [1813–1882]), painting ( [1825–1903], [1814–1876]), music ( [1843–1907]), and even language policy, where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today's two official written forms for Norwegian: and., who came to the throne of Norway and Sweden in 1818, was the second king following Norway's break from Denmark and the union with Sweden. Charles John was a complex man whose long reign extended to 1844. He protected the constitution and liberties of Norway and Sweden during the age of. As such, he was regarded as a liberal monarch for that age. However, he was ruthless in his use of paid informers, the secret police and restrictions on the to put down public movements for reform—especially the Norwegian national independence movement. The that followed the reign of King Charles III John brought some significant social and political reforms.

In 1854, women won the right to inherit property in their own right, just like men. In 1863, the last trace of keeping unmarried women in the status of minors was removed. Furthermore, women were then eligible for different occupations, particularly the common school teacher. By mid-century, Norway's democracy was limited by modern standards: Voting was limited to officials, property owners, leaseholders and burghers of incorporated towns. A family in Norway, c. 1900 Still, Norway remained a conservative society.

Life in Norway (especially economic life) was 'dominated by the aristocracy of professional men who filled most of the important posts in the central government'. There was no strong bourgeosie class in Norway to demand a breakdown of this aristocratic control of the economy. Thus, even while revolution swept over most of the countries of Europe in 1848, Norway was largely unaffected by revolts that year. Was a Utopian socialist. He made his appeal to the labouring classes urging a change of social structure 'from below upwards.' In 1848, he organised a labour society in.

In just a few months, this society had a membership of 500 and was publishing its own newspaper. Within two years, 300 societies had been organised all over Norway, with a total membership of 20,000 persons. The membership was drawn from the lower classes of both urban and rural areas; for the first time these two groups felt they had a common cause. In the end, the revolt was easily crushed; Thrane was captured and in 1855, after four years in jail, was sentenced to three additional years for crimes against the safety of the state. Upon his release, Marcus Thrane attempted unsuccessfully to revitalise his movement, but after the death of his wife, he migrated to the United States. In 1898, all men were granted, followed by all in 1913.

Main articles: and, a shipping magnate and statesman, and Prime Minister of Norway from 1905 to 1907, played a central role in the peaceful separation of Norway from Sweden on 7 June 1905. A national referendum confirmed the people's preference for a monarchy over a republic. No Norwegian could legitimately claim the throne because none was able to prove relationship to medieval royalty and in European tradition or 'blue' blood is a precondition for laying claim to the throne. The government offered the throne of Norway to a prince of the Dano-German royal. Prince Carl of Denmark was unanimously elected king by the Norwegian, the first king of a fully independent Norway in 508 years (1397: ); he took the name. In 1905, the country welcomed the prince from neighbouring Denmark, his wife and their young son to re-establish Norway's royal house.

Following centuries of close ties between Norway and Denmark, a prince from the latter was the obvious choice for a European prince who could best relate to the Norwegian people. First and Second World Wars. See also:,,, and Throughout the, Norway was in principle a neutral country. In reality, however, Norway had been pressured by the to hand over increasingly large parts of its large merchant fleet to the British at low rates, as well as to join the trade blockade against Germany. Norwegian merchant marine ships, often with Norwegian sailors still on board, were then sailing under the British flag and at risk of being sunk by German submarines. Thus, many Norwegian sailors and ships were lost. Thereafter, the world ranking of the Norwegian merchant navy fell from fourth place to sixth in the world.

Norway also proclaimed its neutrality during the, but despite this, it was on 9 April 1940. Although Norway was unprepared for the German surprise attack (see:,, and ), military and naval resistance lasted for two months.

Norwegian armed forces in the north launched an offensive against the German forces in the, until they were forced to surrender on 10 June after losing British support which had been diverted to France during the. And the Norwegian government escaped to in London.

Throughout the war they sent inspirational radio speeches and supported clandestine military actions in Norway against the Germans. On the day of the invasion, the leader of the small National-Socialist party,, tried to seize power, but was forced by the German occupiers to step aside. Real power was wielded by the leader of the German occupation authority,. Quisling, as minister president, later formed a. Up to 15,000 Norwegians volunteered to fight in German units, including the.

Norwegian fighter pilots in the United Kingdom during World War II The fraction of the Norwegian population that supported Germany was traditionally smaller than in Sweden, but greater than is generally appreciated today. [ ] It included a number of prominent personalities such as. The concept of a 'Germanic Union' of member states fit well into their thoroughly nationalist-patriotic ideology. Many Norwegians and persons of Norwegian descent joined the Allied forces as well as the. In June 1940, a small group had left Norway following their king to Britain.

This group included 13 ships, five aircraft, and 500 men from the Royal Norwegian Navy. By the end of the war, the force had grown to 58 ships and 7,500 men in service in the Royal Norwegian Navy, 5 squadrons of aircraft (including Spitfires, Sunderland flying boats and Mosquitos) in the newly formed Norwegian Air Force, and land forces including the and 5 Troop as well as No. [ ] During the five years of, Norwegians built a which fought the German occupation forces with both civil disobedience and armed resistance including the destruction of 's plant and stockpile of heavy water at, which crippled the German nuclear programme (see: ).

More important to the war effort, however, was the role of the Norwegian. At the time of the, Norway had the 4th largest merchant marine fleet in the world. It was led by the Norwegian shipping company under the Allies throughout the war and took part in every war operation from the to the.

Each December Norway gives a to the as thanks for the British assistance during the Second World War. A ceremony takes place to erect the tree in London's. Post-World War II history From 1945 to 1962, the held an absolute majority in the parliament. The government, led by prime minister, embarked on a program inspired by, emphasising state financed industrialisation and co-operation between and.

Many measures of state control of the economy imposed during the war were continued, although the of dairy products was lifted in 1949, while price control and rationing of housing and cars continued as long as until 1960. Since the 1980s oil production has helped to expand the Norwegian economy and finance the Norwegian state.

The wartime alliance with the United Kingdom and the was continued in the post-war years. Although pursuing the goal of a socialist economy, the Labour Party distanced itself from the Communists (especially after the Communists' seizure of power in in 1948), and strengthened its foreign policy and defence policy ties with the US. Norway received aid from the United States starting in 1947, joined the (OEEC) one year later, and became a founding member of the (NATO) in 1949. The first oil was discovered at the small Balder field in 1967, production only began in 1999. In 1969, the discovered resources at the field west of Norway. In 1973, the Norwegian government founded the State oil company,. Oil production did not provide net income until the early 1980s because of the large capital investment that was required to establish the country's petroleum industry.

Around 1975, both the proportion and absolute number of workers in industry peaked. Since then labour-intensive industries and services like factory mass production and shipping have largely been outsourced. Norway was a founding member of the (EFTA). Norway was twice invited to join the, but ultimately declined to join after which failed by narrow margins in 1972 and 1994.

Town Hall Square in Oslo filled with people with roses mourning the victims of the, 22 July 2011 In 1981, a Conservative government led by replaced the Labour Party with a policy of stimulating the with tax cuts, economic liberalisation, deregulation of markets, and measures to curb record-high inflation (13.6% in 1981). Norway's first female prime minister, of the Labour party, continued many of the reforms of her conservative predecessor, while backing traditional Labour concerns such as, high taxes, the industrialisation of nature, and feminism. By the late 1990s, Norway had paid off its foreign debt and had started accumulating a.

Since the 1990s, a divisive question in politics has been how much of the income from petroleum production the government should spend, and how much it should save. In 2011, Norway suffered on the same day conducted by which struck the in Oslo and a summer camp of the Labour party's at island, resulting in 77 deaths and 319 wounded. The brought a more conservative government to power with the and the, winning 43% of the electorate's votes. Norwegian lowland landscape near the Gaulosen branch of At 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) (including and ) (and 323,802 square kilometres (125,021 sq mi) without), much of the country is dominated by mountainous or high terrain, with a great variety of natural features caused by prehistoric and varied.

The most noticeable of these are the fjords: deep grooves cut into the land flooded by the sea following the end of the Ice Age. Is the world's second deepest fjord, and the world's longest at 204 kilometres (127 mi). Is the deepest lake in all Europe. Can be found all year in the higher mountain areas and in the interior of Finnmark county. Are found in Norway.

Norway lies between latitudes and, and longitudes and. The land is mostly made of hard and rock, but,, and are also common, and the lowest elevations contain marine deposits. Because of the and prevailing westerlies, Norway experiences higher temperatures and more precipitation than expected at such northern latitudes, especially along the coast.

The mainland experiences four distinct seasons, with colder winters and less precipitation inland. The northernmost part has a mostly maritime, while Svalbard has an climate. Because of the large latitudinal range of the country and the varied topography and climate, Norway has a larger number of different than almost any other European country. There are approximately 60,000 species in Norway and adjacent waters (excluding bacteria and virus). The Norwegian Shelf large marine ecosystem is considered highly productive. Climate The southern and western parts of Norway, fully exposed to Atlantic storm fronts, experience more precipitation and have milder winters than the eastern and far northern parts. Areas to the east of the coastal mountains are in a, and have lower rain and snow totals than the west.

Nvidia Nforce2 Ultra 400 Mcp Drivers more. The lowlands around Oslo have the warmest and sunniest summers, but also cold weather and snow in wintertime. Because of Norway's high, there are large seasonal variations in daylight. From late May to late July, the sun never completely descends beneath the horizon in areas north of the Arctic Circle (hence Norway's description as the 'Land of the '), and the rest of the country experiences up to 20 hours of daylight per day. Conversely, from late November to late January, the sun never rises above the horizon in the north, and daylight hours are very short in the rest of the country.

The coastal climate of Norway is exceptionally mild compared with areas on similar latitudes elsewhere in the world, with the passing directly offshore the northern areas of the Atlantic coast, continuously warming the region in the winter. Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with and lacking a meteorological winter in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle.

The Gulf Stream has this effect only on the northern parts of Norway, not in the south, despite what is commonly believed. The northern coast of Norway would thus be ice-covered if not for the Gulf Stream. As a side-effect, the Scandinavian Mountains prevent continental winds from reaching the coastline, causing very cool summers throughout Atlantic Norway. Oslo has more of a continental climate, similar to Sweden's.

The mountain ranges have subarctic and tundra climates. There is also very high rainfall in areas exposed to the Atlantic, such as Bergen. Oslo, in comparison, is dry, being in a. In Oppland county is also in the rain shadow and is one of the driest places with 278 millimetres (10.9 inches) precipitation annually. And the interior valleys of and also receive less than 300 millimetres (12 inches) annually. Longyearbyen is the driest place in Norway with 190 millimetres (7.5 inches).

Parts of southeastern Norway including parts of have warm-summer ( Dfb), while the more southern and western coasts are mostly of the (Cfb). Further inland in southeastern and northern Norway, the (Dfc) dominates; this is especially true for areas in the rain shadow of the. Some of the inner valleys of get so little precipitation annually, thanks to the rain shadow effect, that they meet the requirements for dry-summer subarctic climates (Dsc). In higher altitudes, close to the coasts of southern and western Norway, one can find the rare subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc). This climate is also common in Northern Norway, but there usually in lower altitudes, all the way down to sea level. A small part of the northernmost coast of Norway has the (ET).

Large parts of Norway are covered by mountains and high altitude plateaus, many of which also exhibit the (ET). The has its habitat in high elevation ranges on the mainland as well as on. The total number of species include 16,000 species of (probably 4,000 more species yet to be described), 20,000 species of, 1,800 species of, 1,050 species of, 2,800 species of, up to 7,000 species of, 450 species of (250 species nesting in Norway), 90 species of, 45 fresh-water species of fish, 150 salt-water species of fish, 1,000 species of fresh-water, and 3,500 species of salt-water invertebrates. About 40,000 of these species have been described by science. The of 2010 encompasses 4,599 species. Cold-water in off of the southern coast of Norway.

Seventeen species are listed mainly because they are endangered on a global scale, such as the, even if the population in Norway is not seen as endangered. The number of threatened and near-threatened species equals to 3,682; it includes 418 fungi species, many of which are closely associated with the small remaining areas of old-growth forests, 36 bird species, and 16 species of mammals.

In 2010, 2,398 species were listed as endangered or vulnerable; of these were 1250 listed as vulnerable (VU), 871 as endangered (EN), and 276 species as critically endangered (CR), among which were the, the (healthy population on Svalbard) and the. The largest predator in Norwegian waters is the, and the largest fish is the. The largest predator on land is the, while the is the largest predator on the Norwegian mainland. The largest land animal on the mainland is the elk (American English: ). The elk is in Norway known for its size and strength and is often called skogens konge, 'king of the forest'. Environment Stunning and dramatic scenery and landscape is found throughout Norway. The west coast of southern Norway and the coast of northern Norway present some of the most visually impressive coastal sceneries in the world.

Has listed the Norwegian fjords as the world's top tourist attraction. The country is also home to the natural phenomena of the Midnight sun (during summer) as well as the know also as the Northern lights. The 2014 put Norway in tenth place, based on the environmental performance of the country's policies. The since 2013. Norway is considered to be one of the most developed and in the world. From 1814, c. 45% of men (25 years and older) had the right to vote, whereas the United Kingdom had c.

20% (1832), Sweden c. 5% (1866), and Belgium c. 1.15% (1840). Since 2010, Norway has been classified as the world's most democratic country by the.

According to the, which was adopted on 17 May 1814 and inspired by the and of 1776 and 1789, respectively, Norway is a with a of government, wherein the is the and the is the. Power is separated among the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, as defined by the Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document. The officially retains executive power. However, following the introduction of a parliamentary system of government, the duties of the Monarch have since become strictly representative and ceremonial, such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other ministers in the executive government.

Accordingly, the Monarch is of the, and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad and as a symbol of unity. Of the was crowned King of Norway in 1991, the first since the 14th century who has been born in the country., is the legal and rightful heir to the throne and the Kingdom. In practice, the Prime Minister exercises the executive powers.

Constitutionally, legislative power is vested with both the government and the Parliament of Norway, but the latter is the supreme legislature and a body. Norway is fundamentally structured as a. The Parliament can pass a law by simple majority of the 169 representatives, who are elected on the basis of from 19 constituencies for four-year terms. 150 are elected directly from the 19 constituencies, and an additional 19 seats ('levelling seats') are allocated on a nationwide basis to make the representation in parliament correspond better with the popular vote for the political parties. A 4% election threshold is required for a party to gain levelling seats in Parliament. There are a total of 169.

The Parliament of Norway, called the (meaning Grand Assembly), ratifies national developed by the executive branch. It can members of the government if their acts are declared unconstitutional. If an indicted suspect is impeached, Parliament has the power to remove the person from office.

The position of, Norway's head of government, is allocated to the Member of Parliament who can obtain the of a majority in Parliament, usually the current leader of the largest political party or, more effectively, through a coalition of parties. A single party generally does not have sufficient political power in terms of the number of seats to form a government on its own. Norway has often been ruled by minority governments. The Prime Minister nominates the Cabinet, traditionally drawn from members of the same political party or parties in the Storting, making up the government. The PM organises the executive government and exercises its power as vested by the Constitution. Reflecting its monarchical past, Norway was established under the, and was the state church until 2012.

Formerly, the PM had to have more than half the members of Cabinet be members of the Church of Norway, meaning at least ten out of the 19 ministries. This rule was however removed in 2012. The issue of in Norway has been increasingly controversial, as many people believe it is time to change this, to reflect the growing diversity in the population. A part of this is the evolution of the public school subject Christianity, a required subject since 1739. Even the state's loss in a battle at the at in 2007 did not settle the matter. As of 1 January 2017, the Church of Norway is a separate legal entity, and no longer a branch of the civil service. Through the, a presided over by the, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet meet at the and formally consult the Monarch.

All government bills need the formal approval by the Monarch before and after introduction to Parliament. The Council reviews and approves all of the Monarch's actions as head of state.

Although all government and parliamentary acts are decided beforehand, the privy council is an example of symbolic gesture the King retains. Members of the Storting are directly elected from in nineteen constituencies in a national. Historically, both the and have played leading political roles.

In the early 21st century, the Labour Party has been in power since the, in a with the and the. Since 2005, both the Conservative Party and the have won numerous seats in the Parliament, but not sufficient in the to overthrow the coalition. Commentators have pointed to the poor co-operation between the opposition parties, including the and the., the leader of the Labour Party, continues to have the necessary majority through his multi-party alliance to continue as PM. In national elections in September 2013, voters ended eight years of Labor rule. Two political parties, and, elected on promises of tax cuts, more spending on infrastructure and education, better services and stricter rules on, formed a government. Coming at a time when Norway's economy is in good condition with low unemployment, the rise of the right appeared to be based on other issues.

Became prime minister, the second female prime minister after and the first conservative prime minister since. Solberg said her win was 'a historic election victory for the right-wing parties'. Administrative divisions. See also: Norway, a, is divided into nineteen first-level administrative ( fylke). The counties are administrated through directly elected county assemblies who elect the County Governor.

Additionally, the and government are represented in every county by a, who effectively acts as a. As such, the Government is directly represented at a local level through the County Governors' offices. The counties are then sub-divided into 430 second-level ( kommunar), which in turn are administrated by directly elected municipal council, headed by a and a small executive cabinet. The capital of is considered both a county and a municipality. Norway has two integral overseas territories: and, the only developed island in the archipelago of the same name, located miles away to the north.

There are three and:, and. On most maps, there had been an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land and the until 12 June 2015 when Norway formally annexed that area. A geopolitical map of Norway, showing the 19, the (Spitsbergen) and islands, which are part of the Norwegian kingdom 96 settlements have status in Norway. In most cases, the city borders are coterminous with the borders of their respective municipalities. Often, Norwegian city municipalities include large areas that are not developed; for example, Oslo municipality contains large forests, located north and south-east of the city, and over half of Bergen municipality consists of mountainous areas. Norway maintains embassies in 82 countries.

60 countries maintain an embassy in Norway, all of them in the capital, Oslo. Norway is a founding member of the (UN), the (NATO), the and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Norway issued applications for accession to the European Union (EU) and its predecessors in 1962, 1967 and 1992, respectively.

While Denmark, Sweden and Finland obtained membership, the Norwegian electorate rejected the treaties of accession in referenda in 1972 and 1994. After the 1994 referendum, Norway maintained its membership in the European Economic Area (EEA), an arrangement granting the country access to the of the Union, on the condition that Norway implements the Union's pieces of legislation which are deemed relevant (of which there were approximately seven thousand by 2010) Successive Norwegian governments have, since 1994, requested participation in parts of the EU's co-operation that go beyond the provisions of the EEA agreement. Non-voting participation by Norway has been granted in, for instance, the Union's, the, and the, as well as 19 separate programmes. Norway contributes to. In addition, it participated in the 1990s brokering of the, an attempt to resolve the. These were unsuccessful.

Norwegian tanks in the snow in The Norwegian Armed Forces numbers about 25,000 personnel, including civilian employees. According to 2009 mobilisation plans, full mobilisation produces approximately 83,000 combatant personnel. Norway has (including 6–12 months of training); in 2013, the country became the first in Europe and NATO to draft women as well as men. However, due to less need for conscripts after the ended with the break-up of the Soviet Union, few people have to serve if they are not motivated. The Armed Forces are subordinate to the. The Commander-in-Chief is.

The military of Norway is divided into the following branches: the, the, the, the and the. In response to its being overrun by Germany in 1940, the country was one of the founding nations of the (NATO) on 4 April 1949. At present, Norway contributes in the (ISAF) in. Additionally, Norway has contributed in several missions in contexts of the United Nations, NATO, and the of the European Union.

Main article: Norway was awarded first place according to the UN's (HDI) for 2013. Poverty and dominated in Norway together with, and in the 1800s. From the 1900s, improvements in public health occurred as a result of development in several areas such as social and, changes in disease and medical outbreaks, establishment of the health care system, and emphasis on public health matters. And increased treatment opportunities with antibiotics resulted in great improvements within the Norwegian population. Improved hygiene and better nutrition were factors that contributed to improved health. The disease pattern in Norway changed from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases and chronic diseases as.

Inequalities and social differences are still present in public health in Norway today. In 2013 the infant mortality rate was 2.5 per 1,000 live births among children under the age of one.

Steam Jet Ejector Design Software there. For girls it was 2.7 and for boys 2.3, which is the lowest infant mortality rate for boys ever recorded in Norway. GDP and GDP growth Norwegians enjoy the second-highest among European countries (after ), and the sixth-highest in the world.

Today, Norway ranks as the second-wealthiest country in the world in monetary value, with the largest capital reserve per capita of any nation. According to the CIA World Factbook, Norway is a net external creditor of debt. Norway maintained first place in the world in the (HDI) for six consecutive years (2001–2006), and then reclaimed this position in 2009, through 2015. The standard of living in Norway is among the highest in the world. Magazine ranks Norway last in its for 2009, judging Norway to be the world's most well-functioning and stable country.

The ranks Norway fourth in the 2013 equalised and third in intergenerational earnings elasticity. Highway at Brattlikollen outskirts of Due to the low population density, narrow shape and long coastlines of Norway, its is less developed than in many European countries, especially outside the major cities. The country has long-standing traditions, but the has in recent years implemented,, and through numerous subsidiaries to develop the country's infrastructure.

Under discussion is development of a new high-speed rail system between the nation's largest cities. Norway's main railway network consists of 4,114 kilometres (2,556 mi) of lines, of which 242 kilometres (150 mi) is and 64 kilometres (40 mi) (210 km/h) while 62% is electrified. The railways transported 56,827,000 passengers 2,956 million and 24,783,000 tonnes of cargo 3,414 million. The entire network is owned by the. All domestic passenger trains except the are operated by (NSB). Several companies operate freight trains.

Investment in new infrastructure and maintenance is financed through the, and subsidies are provided for passenger train operations. NSB operates long-haul trains, including, regional services and four systems, around,, and. Visualization of as of 2017 after the latest expansion and renovation Norway has approximately 92,946 kilometres (57,754 mi) of network, of which 72,033 kilometres (44,759 mi) are paved and 664 kilometres (413 mi) are. The four tiers of road routes are national, county, municipal and private, with national and primary county roads numbered en route. The most important national routes are part of the scheme. The two most prominent are the going north-south through the entire country, and the, which follows the West Coast. National and county roads are managed by the.

Norway has the world's largest registered stock of. In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric. The plug-in electric segment of new car sales is also the highest in the world.

According to a report by in June 2016, the country would like to ban all gasoline and diesel powered vehicles as early as 2025. In June 2017, 42% of new cars registered were electric. Of the 97 airports in Norway, 52 are public, and 46 are operated by the state-owned. Have more than one million passengers annually.

A total of 41,089,675 passengers passed through Norwegian airports in 2007, of whom 13,397,458 were international. The central gateway to Norway by air is. Located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Oslo, it is for the two major Norwegian: and, and for regional aircraft from Western Norway. There are departures to most European countries and some intercontinental destinations. A direct high-speed train connects to Oslo Central Station every 10 minutes for a 20 min ride.

Demographics in Norway Historical population Year Pop. 1500 140,000 — 1665 440,000 +0.70% 1735 616,109 +0.48% 1801 883,603 +0.55% 1855 1,490,047 +0.97% 1900 2,240,032 +0.91% 1950 3,278,546 +0.76% 2000 4,478,497 +0.63% 2010 4,858,199 +0.82% 2013 5,096,300 +1.61% 2060 (projected) 7,032,687 +0.69% Source:. Norway's population was 5,096,300 people in October 2013. Are an ethnic North people.

Since the late 20th century, Norway has attracted immigrants from southern and central Europe, the Mideast, Africa, Asia and beyond. In 2012, an official study showed that 86% of the total population have at least one parent who was born in Norway.

More than 710,000 individuals (14%) are immigrants and their descendants; there are 117,000 children of immigrants, born in Norway. Of these 710,000 immigrants and their descendants: • 323,000 (39%) have a background (Australia,, elsewhere in Europe) • 505,000 (61%) have a non-Western background (primarily,,,, ). In 2013, the Norwegian government said that 14% of the Norwegian population were immigrants or children of two immigrant parents. About 6% of the immigrant population come from EU, North America and Australia, and about 8.1% come from Asia, Africa and Latin America. In 2012, of the total 660,000 with immigrant background, 407,262 had Norwegian citizenship (62.2%). Immigrants have settled in all municipalities. The cities or municipalities with the highest share of immigrants in 2012 were (32%) and (27%).

The share in Stavanger was 16%. According to, Oslo is the 'fastest growing city in Europe because of increased immigration'. In recent years, has accounted for most of Norway's population growth.

In 2011, 16% of newborn children were of immigrant background. The are to the Far North and have traditionally inhabited central and northern parts of Norway and Sweden, as well as areas in northern Finland and in Russia on the. Another national minority are the, descendants of Finnish-speaking people who migrated to northern Norway from the 18th up to the 20th century. From the 19th century up to the 1970s, the Norwegian government tried to assimilate both the Sami and the Kven, encouraging them to adopt the majority language, culture and religion. Because of this ' process', many families of Sami or Kven ancestry now identify as ethnic Norwegian. Main articles: and Particularly in the 19th century, when economic conditions were difficult in Norway, tens of thousands of people migrated to the United States and Canada, where they could work and buy land in frontier areas. Many went to the Midwest and Pacific Northwest.

In 2006, according to the US Census Bureau, almost 4.7 million persons identified as, which was larger than the population of ethnic Norwegians in Norway itself. In the 2011 Canadian census, 452,705 Canadian citizens identified as having.

Main article: On 1 January 2013, the number of immigrants or children of two immigrants residing in Norway was 710,465, or 14.1% of the total population, up from 183,000 in 1992. Yearly immigration has increased since 2005. While yearly net immigration in 2001–5 was on average 13,613, it increased to 37,541 between 2006 and 2010, and in 2011 net immigration reached 47,032. This is mostly because of increased immigration by residents of the EU, in particular from Poland. In 2012, the immigrant community (which includes immigrants and children born in Norway of immigrant parents) grew by 55,300, a record high. Net immigration from abroad reached 47,300 (300 higher than in 2011), while immigration accounted for 72% of Norway's population growth.

17% of newborn children were born to immigrant parents. Children of Pakistani, Somali and parents made up the largest groups of all Norwegians born to immigrant parents. Are the largest non-European minority group in Norway.

Most of their 32,700 members live in and around Oslo. The and immigrant populations have increased significantly in recent years. After the enlargement of the EU in 2004, a wave of immigrants has arrived from Central and Northern Europe, particularly, and. The fastest growing immigrant groups in 2011 in absolute numbers were from, and. The policies of immigration and integration have been the subject of much debate in Norway. Largest immigrant groups (1st and 2nd generation): National background Population 97,196 37,638 36,315 28,696 24,601 22,493 20,823 20,537 19,973 19,957 Religion. Traditional Norwegian farmer's costumes, known as folkedrakt, and modern costumes inspired by those costumes, known as, are widely used on special occasions.

Human rights Norway has been considered a progressive country, which has adopted legislation and policies to support women's rights, minority rights, and. As early as 1884, 171 of the leading figures, among them five Prime Ministers for the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party, co-founded the. They successfully campaigned for women's,, the, and other gender equality policies. From the 1970s, gender equality also came high on the state agenda, with the establishment of a public body to promote gender equality, which evolved into the. Civil society organisations also continue to play an important role, and the women's rights organisations are today organised in the umbrella organisation. In 1990, the Norwegian constitution was amended to grant to the Norwegian throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. As it was not retroactive, the current successor to the throne is the eldest son of the King, rather than his eldest child.

The Norwegian constitution Article 6 states that 'For those born before the year 1990 it shall.be the case that a male shall take precedence over a female.' The Sami people have for centuries been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures in Scandinavia and Russia, those countries claiming possession of Sami lands. The Sami people have never been a single community in a single region of. Norway has been greatly criticised by the international community for the politics of of and discrimination against the indigenous population of the country. Nevertheless, Norway was, in 1990, the first country to recognise on recommended by the UN. In regard to LGBT rights, Norway was the first country in the world to enact an anti-discrimination law protecting the rights of gays and lesbians.

In 1993, Norway became the second country to legalise partnerships for same-sex couples, and on 1 January 2009 to grant full to same-sex couples. As a promoter of human rights, Norway has held the annual conference, a gathering described by as 'on its way to becoming a human-rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum.' Religion happened significantly later in Norway than in most of Europe and is not yet complete. In 2012, the Norwegian parliament voted to grant the greater autonomy, a decision which was confirmed in a constitutional amendment on 21 May 2012. Until 2012 parliamentary officials were required to be members of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Norway, and at least half of all government ministers had to be a member of the state church. As state church, the Church of Norway's clergy were viewed are state employees, and the central and regional church administrations were part of the state administration.

Members of the Royal family are required to be members of the Lutheran church. On 1 January 2017, Norway made the church independent of the state, but retained the Church's status as the «people’s church».

Main article: The Norwegian cinema has received international recognition. The documentary film (1950) of the expedition won an American Oscar. In 1959, 's Nine Lives was nominated, but failed to win. Another notable film is (English: Pinchcliffe Grand Prix), an animated feature film directed.

The film was released in 1975 and is based on characters from Norwegian cartoonist. It is the most widely seen Norwegian film of all time. 's (1987), the story of the, was nominated for an Oscar.

's was nominated for an Oscar in 1997. Since the 1990s, the film industry has thrived, producing up to 20 feature films each year. Particular successes were, based on a novel by a Nobel Prize winner; and.

Was among the more successful new directors, together with, who is remembered for. The country has also been used as filming location for several Hollywood and other international productions, including (1980), for which the producers used as a filming location for scenes of the ice planet Hoth. It included a memorable battle in the snow. The films,, and, as well as the TV series and also had scenes set in Norway. A short film, The Spirit of Norway was featured at at Pavilion at located within in Florida in the United States. The attraction and the film ceased their operations on 5 October 2014. Composer and pianist The classical of the, and is internationally known as is the modern music of.

Norway's classical performers include, one of the world's more famous pianists;, an outstanding cellist; and the great Wagnerian soprano., a form of, has been an influence in world music since the late 20th century. Since the 1990s, Norway's export of, a lo-fi, dark and raw form of, has been developed by such bands as,,,,, and. More recently bands such as,, and have evolved the genre into the present day while still garnering worldwide fans. Controversial events associated with the black metal movement in the early 1990s included several and two prominent. The jazz scene in Norway is thriving.,,,, and are internationally recognised while,, and are becoming world-class artists of the younger generation. Author The history of Norwegian literature starts with the and verse of the 9th and 10th centuries, with poets such as and.

The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European mediaeval learning, and history writing. Merged with native oral tradition and Icelandic influence, this influenced the literature written in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Major works of that period include, and.

Little Norwegian literature came out of the period of the Scandinavian Union and the subsequent Dano-Norwegian union (1387–1814), with some notable exceptions such as and. In his play, Ibsen characterised this period as 'Twice two hundred years of darkness/brooded o'er the race of monkeys.' The first line of this couplet is frequently quoted. During the union with Denmark, the government imposed using only written Danish, which decreased the writing of Norwegian literature. In built in, a style of design architecture that originated during the. With Norway's conversion to Christianity some 1,000 years ago, churches were built.

Stonework architecture was introduced from Europe for the most important structures, beginning with the construction of in. In the early, wooden were constructed throughout Norway. Some of them have survived; they represent Norway's most unusual contribution to architectural history. A fine example, in inner, is on 's. Another notable example of wooden architecture is the buildings at Wharf in Bergen, also on the list for World Cultural Heritage sites, consisting of a row of tall, narrow wooden structures along the quayside. Brudeferd i Hardanger by og, 1848 For an extended period, the Norwegian art scene was dominated by artwork from Germany and Holland as well as by the influence of Copenhagen.

It was in the 19th century that a truly Norwegian era began, first with portraits, later with impressive landscapes. Johan Christian Dahl (1788–1857), originally from the Dresden school, eventually returned to paint the landscapes of western Norway, defining Norwegian painting for the first time.' Norway's newly found independence from Denmark encouraged painters to develop their Norwegian identity, especially with landscape painting by artists such as, a female painter who studied under, and, another pioneer among female artists, influenced by., an impressionist, was influenced by the art scene in Paris as was, a realist painter, famous for his paintings of prostitutes. Of particular note is, a symbolist/expressionist painter who became world-famous for which is said to represent the anxiety of modern man. Other artists of note include, a neo-romantic painter remembered for his paintings of, and, a figurative painter who maintains that his work is not art, but.

Biathlete from Norway is the most successful Winter Olympian of all time, with 13 medals Sports are a central part of Norwegian culture, and popular sports include,,,, and, to a lesser degree, and. Is the most popular sport in Norway in terms of active membership. In 2014-2015 polling, football ranked far behind and in terms of popularity as spectator sports. Is the biggest indoor sport. The has won several titles, including two championships (, ), three (,, ) and six (,,,,, ). The has participated three times in the (,, ), and once in the (). The highest FIFA ranking Norway has achieved is 2nd, a position it has held twice, in 1993 and in 1995.

Is also gaining popularity in Norway. Is the current world champion. There are about 10 and 29 in Norway.

Is a sport with great traditions in Norway. One of the highlights was when captured three gold medals at the. Ski jumping hill in during the is a traditional sport in Norway and the country is one of the four founders of. In terms of licensed athletes, it is the second biggest winter sport in the world. As of 2017 has captured one silver and one bronze, while has managed four bronzes. Norway first participated at the in 1900, and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then, except for the sparsely attended and the in when they participated in the. Famous Norwegian winter sport athletes are, for instance, biathlete and cross country skiers and.

Norway has hosted the Games on two occasions: • in • in. International rankings The following are international rankings of Norway, including those measuring life quality, health care quality, stability, press freedom and income.

Index Rank Countries reviewed 2017 1 157 2016 1 188 2015 1 151 2016 1 38 2016 1 105 2016 1 167 2015 1 179 2017 1 180 2016 2 178 2016 2 142 2013 2 131 2009–2014 2 35 2015 2 129 2015 2 18 2016 3 35 2016 3 144 2016 4 139 2015 4 70 2014 5 190 2015 5 175 2013 5 163 2016 6 180 2016 17 163 2015 18 207 2016 22 160 2016 27 167 See also.