American Government Wilson 13th Edition Outline

A human right based on nature or god 4. Colonists include complaints against King of England; but Declaration contradicts itself on issues such as slavery. B) The Real Revolution 1. War for Independence- not just war but movement for revolution. Real Revolution- radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people 3. Colonists wanted legitimate gov’t that would require consent of governed. Power not exercised on tradition but as result of grant of power in written constitution.

Chapter 3 Outline: Why Federalism Matters (A.P. Politics) - Free download as Word Doc (.doc /.docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. National government was supreme (As determined from the Civil War), its sovereignty came directly from the citizens of the U.S. Nullification a. The supreme state. Textbook: Wilson, James Q., and John J. American Government Institutions And Policies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Textbook Resources.

1776- eight states adopt written constituions; more states follow. However, very weak and didn’t know whether to make central gov’t very strong or weak. C) Weaknesses of the Confederation 1.

Articles of Confederation (1781)- “league of friendship” 2. Weak b/c it could not levy taxes or regulate commerce. Each state voted on its own policies.

Central gov’t had virtually no power; couldn’t amend Articles b/c all 13 states had to agree. Maryland 1785 meeting unsuccessful; Philadelphia 1787 meeting successful (produces new Constitution). A) The Lessons of Experience 1. James Madison spends most of 1786 studying other gov’t and determining what would work. Creates Federalist papers – beacon lights for new gov’t.

Confederacies were too weak to govern and collapsed, and stronger gov’t’s were so powerful that they trampled citizens’ rights. B) State Constitutions 1. Problems of Articles of Confederation evident in American States (i.e. Philadelphia and Mass.) 2.

Philadelphia too democratic and all power given to one house legistlature. Mass had a good model gov’t for separation of powers. (Elected governor could veto acts of legislature, judges also balanced power). C) Shay’s Rebellion. 1787- Daniel Shay leads group of ex-Revolutionary War soldiers plagued by debt and high taxes to forcibly prevent courts in western Mass from sitting.

Gov’t could not help Mass due to lack of $ and man power. D) The Framers 1. Although Philadelphia Convention was made for a revision of Articles, it actually produced a whole new written constitution.

Many debates on what should be put into constitution. Framers “writers/creators” of the Constitution agreed to protect natural rights 4. Agree that gov’t should not threaten one’s libterties and therefore should be limited. Problem- how strong/weak should gov’t be? Did not want aristocracy. A) The Virginia Plan 1. Virginia Plan called for strong national union organized into three gov’t branches (legist., exec., jud.) Needed to determined how to design true national gov’t.

Original concept: a) Legislative: composed of 2 houses: elected by the people, and the other chosen by the first house among people nominated by state legislatures. B) Executive: chosen by national legislature. C) Judiciary: could veto acts of legislature. National legislature would have supreme power (veto state laws) 4. At least one legislature would be elected directly by the people.

B) The New Jersey Plan 1. Small states feared that new constitution would be written so states would be represented by population.

New Jersey Plan wanted weak enough national gov’t in order to keep the interests of the smaller states and weaken the power of Congress. Wanted each state to have one vote.

Almost became framework for new constitution. Majority decided that stronger national gov’t was needed so Virginia Plan go more votes.. C) The Compromise 1. Great Compromise (Connecticut compromise) Great Compromise: (1) A House of Reps consisting of 65 members were apportioned among the states on the basis of the population. Elected by people. (2)A senate consisting of 2 senators from each state were chosen by the state legislatures.

The convention agreed to 4-year limit for Presidents and allowing the President to pick the 3. Supreme Court justices create first draft of Constitution. A gov’t in which elected representatives make the decisions. Judicial Review- the power of the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional.

An Amendment can be proposed by 2/3 of vote of both houses of Congress OR by a national convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 of the states. Amendments need to be ratified by ¾ of the state. Did create democracy b/c gov’t based on popular consent. A) Key Principles 1. American version of representative gov’t based on two major principles: separation of powers and federalism. Federalism= gov’t authority shared by national and state governments. (1)ENUMERATED POWERS: power given to national gov’t.

(2) RESERVED POWERS: power given to the states (3) CONCURRENT POWERS: Powers shared by both the national and state gov’ts. Checks and Balances= authority shared by 3 branches of gov’t.

B) Government and Human Nature 1. Separation of powers: Constitutional authority is shared by 3 different branches of gov’t. Faction: A group with a distinct political interest. Kept in mind that one faction could become too powerful s o separation of power created.

The flag of the United States during the American Revolution The history of the United States is what happened in the past in the, a country in. Have lived there for thousands of years. In 1607 went to the place now called. Other European went to the colonies, mostly from and later.,, and the also colonized North America. Many Native Americans were killed, died of or lost their land. In 1775, a war between the and Britain began, when the colonists were upset over changes in British policies. On July 4, 1776, rebel leaders made the.

They won the and started a new country. They made a in 1787 and a in 1791., who had led the war became its first president.

The new nation faced many controversial issues, such as. During the 19th century, the United States gained much more land in the West and began to become. In 1861, several states in the left the United States to start a new country called the. This caused the. After the war, resumed.

Some Americans became very rich in this and the country developed one of the largest in the world. In the early 20th century, the United States became a, fighting in and. Between the wars, there was an economic boom called the when people became richer and a bust called the when most were poorer. The Great Depression ended with World War II. The United States and the entered the.

This included wars in and. During this time,,, and women sought more. In the 1970s and 1980s, the United States started to make fewer things in factories than they used to. The United States then went through the worst it had since the Great Depression. During the 1980s, the American economy grew and American-Soviet relations became better. The Cold War ended, helping the United States out of recession. The became more important in American, especially after the in 2001.

Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri, and Pawnees See also: The Pre-Columbian Era is the time before went to America in 1492. At that time, lived on the land that is now the United States. They had different: Native Americans in the Eastern United States hunted and; Native Americans in the Northwest; Native Americans in the Southwest grew and built houses called; and Native Americans in the hunted. Around the year 1000, many people think that the visited. However, they did not settle there. Colonial America [ ] The English tried to settle at in 1585.

The settlement did not last, and no one knows what happened to the people. In 1607, the first lasting English was made at, by, and other Englishmen interested in gold and adventure. In its early years, many people in Virginia died of and. The colony lasted because it made money by planting. In 1621, a group of Englishmen called the settled. A bigger colony was built at by the in 1630. The Pilgrims and the Puritans were interested in making a better society, not looking for gold.

They called this ideal society a 'city on a hill'. A man named left Massachusetts after disagreeing with the Puritans, and started the colony of in 1636.

England was not the only country to settle what would become the United States. In the 1500s, built a. Settled, and the area around the. The settled, which they called. Other areas were settled by,, and. However, in time England controlled all of the colonies, and most American colonists adopted the English way of life.

The growth of the colonies was not good for Native Americans. Many of them died of, a brought to America by the Europeans. The ones who lived lost their lands to the colonists.

The (red) before the In the early 1700s, there was a religious movement in the colonies called the. Preachers such as preached. One of them was called '. The Great Awakening may have led to the thinking used in the American Revolution. By 1733, there were.,,, and were the largest cities and main ports at that time. From 1754 to 1763, England and France fought a war over their land in America called the or the French and Indian War, which the English won.

After the war, the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763 said that the colonists could not live west of the. Many colonists who wanted to move to the frontier did not like the Proclamation.

American Revolution [ ]. The presentation of the. Three of the men standing are, and. After the French and Indian War, the colonists began to think that they were not getting their 'rights as Englishman'. This meant they wanted to be treated fairly by the English government. This was mainly caused by new the British made the colonies pay to pay for the war. Americans called this 'No taxation without representation', meaning that the colonists should not have to pay taxes unless they had in the.

Each tax was disliked, and replaced by another which led to more between the colonies. In 1770, colonists in Boston known as the got in a fight with British soldiers. This became known as the.

After the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty dumped hundreds of boxes of tea in a river. This was known as the (1773). This led to the British Army taking over Boston. After that, leaders of the 13 colonies formed a group called the. Many people were members of the Continental Congress, but some of the more important ones were,,,, and.

In 1776, wrote a called. It argued that the colonies should be free of English rule. This was based on the English ideas of and put forth by and others. On July 4, 1776, people from 13 colonies agreed to the. This said that they were free and, and were not part of England any more. The colonists were already fighting Britain in the Revolutionary War at this time. The Revolutionary War started in 1775.

Though American soldiers under lost many battles to the British, they won a major victory at in 1777. Download Game Dragon Ball Z Bukuu Tougeki Gba. This led to and joining the war on the side of the Americans. In 1781, an American victory at helped by the French led Britain to decide to stop fighting and give up the colonies. America had won the war and its independence. The Federal period (1781–1815) [ ] See also: and In 1781, the colonies formed a of states under the, but it lasted only six years. It gave almost all the power to the states and very little to the central government.

The confederation had no president. It could not remove Native Americans or the British from the, nor could it stop such as. After Shays' Rebellion, many people thought the Articles of Confederation were not working.

The United States Constitution In 1787, a was written. Many of the people who helped write the Constitution, such as Washington,, and, were among the major thinkers in America at the time. Some of these men would later hold important offices in the new government. The constitution created a stronger national government that had three branches: executive (the and ), legislative (the and the ), and judicial (the federal courts). Some states agreed to the Constitution very quickly. In other states, many people did not like the Constitution because it gave more power to the central government and had no bill of rights. To try and get the Constitution passed, Madison, Hamilton and Jay wrote a series of newspaper articles called the.

Very soon after, the was added. This was a set of 10 amendments (changes), that limited the government's power and guaranteed to the.

Like the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution is a between the people and the government. The main idea of the Constitution is that the government is a elected by the people, who all have the same rights. However, this was not true at first, when only white males who owned property could vote. Because of state laws as well as the 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th Amendments, almost all American citizens who are at least 18 years old can vote today. In 1789, Washington was elected the first President. He defined how a person should act as President and retired after two terms. During Washington's term, there was a, where country farmers tried to stop the government from collecting taxes on.

In 1795, Congress passed the Jay Treaty, which allowed for increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British giving up their forts on the. However, Great Britain was still doing things that hurt the U.S., such as impressment (making American sailors join the ). John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1796 to become the second President of the United States. This was the first American election that was between two. As president, Adams made the and larger. He also got the passed, which were much disliked. In the election of 1800, Jefferson defeated Adams.

One of the most important things he did as President was to make the from, which made the United States twice as big. Jefferson sent and to map the Louisiana Purchase.

Jefferson also tried to stop trade with England and France so that the United States would not become involved in. Fighting broke out between the United States and England in 1812 when James Madison was President. This was called the. Expansion, industrialization and slavery (1815–1861) [ ] One of the problems of this period was. By 1861, over three million African-Americans were slaves in the South. This means that they worked for other people, but had no and received no money for their work. Most worked picking cotton on large.

Only a few white people in the South owned plantations. Most white people in the South owned no slaves at all. Cotton became the main crop in the South after invented the in 1793. There were a few slave against slavery, including one led. All of these rebellions failed. The South wanted to keep slavery, but by the time of the Civil War, many people in the North wanted to end it. Another argument between the North and South was about the role of government.

The South wanted stronger state governments, but the North wanted a stronger central government. The After the War of 1812 the faded away, leaving an 'Era of Good Feelings' in which only one party was important, under Presidents James Madison and. Under Monroe, the United States' policy in North America was the, which suggested that Europe should stop trying to control the United States and other independent countries in the Americas. Around this time, Congress called for something called the 'American System'. The American System meant spending money on banking, and.

Due to the American System, bigger cities and more were built. One of the big transportation projects of this time was the, a in the state of New York.

By the 1840s, were built as well as canals. By 1860, thousands of miles of railroads and lines had been built in the United States, mostly in the Northeast and. In the early 19th century, the came to America.

Many factories were built in Northern cities such as. Most of them made. Many factory workers were women, and some were children or people from. Despite this industrialization, America was still a nation of farmers. Founded the Republican Party to help free slaves In the early and mid-1800s, there was a religious movement called the.

Thousands of people gathered at large religious meetings called revivals. They thought they could bring about a Golden Age in America through religion. New religious movements such as the Holiness Movement and the started, and groups like the grew. The Second Great Awakening led to two movements in, that is, changing laws and behaviors to make society better. One of these was the Temperance Movement, which believed that drinking was evil.

The other was, which tried to end slavery. People such as and wrote books and newspapers saying that slavery should stop. They also formed political movements, which included the Liberty Party, the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party. Some abolitionists, such as, were former slaves. By 1820, slavery was very rare in the North, but continued in the South. In the 19th century, there was something called the “” for many American women.

This meant that most married women were expected to stay in the home and raise children. As in other countries, American wives were very much under the control of their husband, and had almost no rights. Women who were not married had only a few jobs open to them, such as working in clothing factories and serving as. By the 19th century, women such as and thought that women should have more rights. In 1848, many of these women met and agreed to fight for more rights for women, including. Many of the women involved in the movement for women’s rights were also involved in the movement to end slavery.

Jackson was the first Democratic President In 1828, was elected President. He was the first president elected from the. He changed the government in many ways. Since many of his supporters were poor people who had not voted before, he rewarded them with government jobs, which is called 'spoils' or 'patronage'. Because of Jackson, a new party was formed to run against him called the.

This was called the “Second Party System”. Jackson was very much against the National Bank. He saw it as a symbol of Whigs and of powerful American businessmen. Jackson also called for a high tax that the South did not like.

They called it the 'Tariff of Abominations'. Jackson’s Vice-President,, was from the South.

He wrote that the South should stop the tariff and perhaps leave the Union (). These words would be used again during the Civil War. People started to move west of the and the at this time. The first people who moved west were people who caught and sold animal skins such as John Colter and Jim Bridger. By the 1840s, many people were moving to by wagon, and even more people went west after the of 1849.

Many new states were added to the first thirteen, mostly in the Midwest and South before the Civil War and in the West after the Civil War. During this period, Native Americans lost much of their land. They had lost military battles to the Americans at and in the Seminole War. In the 1830s, Indians were being pushed out of the Midwest and South by events such as the and the. By the 1840s, most Native Americans had been moved west of the Mississippi River.

The Mexican–American War [ ]. Was the site of a battle between Texans and Mexicans in 1836. In 1845,, which was a nation after it left, joined the United States. Mexico did not like this, and the Americans wanted land Mexico had on the West Coast (“”).

This led to the U.S. And Mexico fighting a war called the.

During the war, the U.S captured the cities of,,, and. As a result of the war, the U.S. Gained land in and much of the American Southwest. Many people in the North did not like this war, because they thought it was just good for Southern slave states. Civil War [ ].

Lincoln, Grant, Sherman, and Porter discussing about the Civil War In the 1840s and 1850s, people in the Northern states and people in the Southern states did not like each other very much, mostly due to the issues of slavery in the territories (parts of the United States that were not yet states) and the power of the federal government. People in the government tried to make deals to stop a war. Some deals were the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, but they did not really work to keep the Union together.

People in the South were angry at books like that said that slavery was wrong. People in the North did not like a Supreme Court decision called that kept Scott a slave. People from the South and people from the North started killing each other in over slavery. This was called 'Bleeding Kansas'. One of the people from Bleeding Kansas,, took over a town in in 1859 to make a point about slavery being wrong and to try to get slaves to fight their owners.

In the election of 1860, the Democratic Party split and the Republican candidate for President,, was elected. After this, many Southern states quit the Union. Eventually, eleven states quit. They started a new country called the, or the 'Confederacy'. A war broke out between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South). The South had better generals than the North, but it had fewer railroads and almost no weapons factories.

Not having factories made it harder for Southern soldiers to get guns. The South could not get supplies because Northern ships the Southern coast. Early in the war, Confederate generals such as and won battles over Union generals such as and who were not as good.

In 1862 and 1863, the Union Army tried to take the Confederate capital of several times, but failed each time. Lee's army invaded the North twice, but was turned back at and. In the middle of war, Lincoln made the, which supposedly freed all slaves in the Confederacy, and started letting black men fight in the Union Army. The war started going the Union’s way after the battles of and in 1863. Gettysburg stopped Lee from invading the North, and Vicksburg gave the Union control over the.

In 1864, a Union Army under marched through Georgia and destroyed much of it. By 1865, Union General had taken Richmond and forced Lee to give up the fight. Reconstruction and the Gilded Age [ ] See also: In April 1865, Lincoln was shot and while watching a play. The new president,, had to go through the process of, which was putting the United States back together after the Civil War. During this time, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were passed, freeing slaves, making them citizens and allowing them to vote. Was run by 'Radical Republicans', who wanted to punish the South after the Civil War.

They did not like Johnson, and almost removed him from office. They also sent many soldiers to the South, installed 'scalawag' governments, and made the South pass the 14th and 15th Amendments. The South did not like this, so they made that placed blacks in lower roles and made them work as. White Southerners started a group called the that attacked blacks and stopped them from voting. Scottish businessman, Andrew Carnegie, made America a 'steel empire' Major politicians were chosen by political machines and were.

The government could do little, because the Presidents did not have control of Congress. Leaders of big businesses often had more power than the government. At this time, there were several very big businesses called trusts. People who ran trusts made millions of dollars while paying their workers low wages. Some of these people were,, and. After the Civil War, people continued to move west where new states were formed.

People now could get free land in the West due to an 1862 law called the Homestead Act. Most of the land in the West was owned by the government, railroads, or large farmers. The, finished in 1869, helped get people and goods from the west to the rest of the country. Became the center of trade between West and East because many rail lines met there.

There were problems between the white settlers and the native Indians as more people began to move west. Because of this, many more Indians were killed at battles such as Wounded Knee. Almost all the Indians' land was taken away by laws like the Dawes Act. Many Americans thought the railroads charged farmers so much money that it made them poor. Workers led several against the railroad that were put down by the army. Also, farmers started groups to fight the railroad, such as the. These groups became the, which almost won the presidency under.

The Populists wanted such as an and direct election of Senators. The Populist Party died out after 1896. Many of the things the Populists wanted would happen during the. Progressive era and imperialism [ ]. The Battle of Bay in the In the United States, progressivism is the belief that the government should have a larger role in the economy to provide good living standards for people, especially workers. Was the belief that the U.S.

Should build a stronger navy and conquer land. In the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries, the U.S. Started being more active in. In 1898, the United States fought a war with called the. The United States won, and gained,, and the. Combined with the purchase of and the taking-over of, the United States had gained all the territory it has today, plus some it would later lose after World War II.

Around this time, the U.S. And European nations opened up trade with.

This was because they had beaten China in the and the. And Europe were able to trade with China through the. Theodore Roosevelt was President during most of the 1900s In 1901, became President. He had been a soldier in the. He called for a foreign policy known as the “Big Stick”. This meant having a large navy and control over.

Between 1901 and 1930, the United States sent soldiers into Latin America several times. When Roosevelt was president, work was begun on the, a link between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans that made travel around the world much faster. During this time, people started to notice the poor condition of American cities.

A group of people called the “” wrote books and newspaper articles about subjects like the power of big business, unclean practices in factories, and the condition of poor people. Roosevelt and Congress answered their with laws such as the. The Act controlled the way food was made to make sure it was safe. Another response to the muckrakers was something called “trust-busting”, where big businesses were broken up into smaller ones. The biggest business broken up this way was the Company in 1911. In 1912, became President. He was a Progressive, but not quite the same as Roosevelt.

He fought the “triple wall of privilege”, which was big business, taxes, and fees on goods coming into the United States. During this time, the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments to the U.S.

Constitution were passed. They allowed for a federal income tax and direct election of U.S. World War I [ ]. Main page: The United States did not want to enter World War I. They eventually entered the war in 1917 for two reasons.

One was that a ship carrying Americans called the Lusitania was blown up by the Germans. The other was the, a message Germany sent to Mexico about invading the U.S. The United States fought on the side of and, and the war ended a year later. Wilson worked to create an international organization called the. The main goal of the League was preventing war. However, the United States did not join because rejected the peace.

At the end of World War I, a killed millions of people in the U.S. After the war, the United States was one of the richest and most powerful nations in the world. Boom and bust (1919–1939) [ ] The 'Roaring Twenties' [ ].

Coolidge: “The business of America is business.” The 1920s were an era of growth and increased wealth for the United States. Many Americans began buying products, such as and. Became very important to American life. During this time, many black people moved out of the South and into large cities such as,, and. They brought with them music, which is why the 1920s are called the 'Jazz Age'.

The 1920s were also the after the Eighteenth Amendment passed. During the 1920s, was illegal, but many Americans drank it anyway. This led to much and violent crime. Was strong in the 1920s. The was powerful once again, and attacked black people,, and. People blamed the war and problems in business on and labor leaders, whom they said were (Russian ).

Many people also thought that the United States had lost touch with religion. They dealt with that by changing religion, and some of them by attacking science. Model-T's were invented by and changed American transportation After World War I, the United States had an foreign policy. That meant it did not want to enter into another global war.

It passed laws and treaties that supposedly would end war forever, and refused to sell to its former allies. In 1921, became President.

He believed that the best way to make the economy good was for the government to be friendly to big business by cutting taxes and less. While the economy was doing very well under these policies, America had the largest difference between how much money the rich had and how much money the poor had. Harding's presidency had several problems. The biggest one was over in the Navy Oil Reserve. Harding died in 1923, and became President.

Coolidge believed that the government should keep out of business, just like Harding, and continued many of Harding's policies. Coolidge chose not to seek the presidency in 1928 and became president. The Great Depression [ ]. Roosevelt launched the New Deal helping the American economy President Hoover tried to do something about the Depression, but it did not work. In 1932, he was defeated and became President. He created the. It was a series of government programs which would give relief (to the people who were hurt by the bad economy), recovery (to make the economy better), and reform (to make sure a depression never happens again).

The New Deal had many programs such as, the (regulated ), (built thousands of roads, schools, government buildings and works of art), the (gave young people jobs to help the ), and (built dams and electric lines in the South). These programs put millions of Americans to work, though often at low pay. Many of these programs were started early in Roosevelt's term in a time called the 'Hundred Days' or in 1935 in a time called the 'Second New Deal'. Programs like Social Security grew out of movements by people such as that were called 'Share Our Wealth' and 'Ham and Eggs'.

The New Deal also led to the rise of worker's unions such as the. The New Deal is often called the period that 'saved capitalism', and stopped America from becoming a or state. Although the New Deal improved the economy, it did not end the Great Depression. The Great Depression was ended.

World War II [ ]. The atomic bomb over, August 9, 1945 As World War II was beginning, the United States said they would not get involved in it. Most Americans thought the United States should remain neutral, and some people thought the United States should enter the war on the side of the Germans.

Eventually, the U.S. Did try to help the (,, and ) with the.

It gave the Allies a lot of money and guns in trade for use of air bases throughout the world. On December 7, 1941, Japan, a U.S.Naval base in. Was no longer neutral, and it declared war on the (,, ). Entering World War II ended the Great Depression because the war created many jobs.

While some of the battles the U.S. Fought in were and battles with Japan, the U.S. Mainly fought in Europe and Africa.

Opened up several fronts, including in and. Also bombed Germany from airplanes, blowing up German cities and factories.

On June 6, 1944 (), American and British forces invaded. A year later, the Allies had freed France and taken. In 1945, Roosevelt died, and became president. Japan gave up soon afterwards, and the war ended.

The war meant different things for women and minorities. During the war, many women worked in weapons factories. They were symbolized by a character called 'Rosie the Riveter'. Many African-Americans served in the army, but often in units with white officers. Japanese-Americans on the were forced to live in, though a few also served in the Army. Postwar era (1945–1991) [ ] Cold War [ ]. Lands on the.

The Korean War lasted only a few years, but led to American soldiers being in since then. The Vietnam War lasted much longer. It started with a few American troops in Vietnam, but by the 1960s thousands of Americans were being sent to Vietnam. Both wars were between a Northern Communist government helped by the Soviet Union and and a Southern government helped by the U.S.

The Korean War resulted in a split Korea, but the Vietnam War resulted in a Communist Vietnam after the United States left due to American people wanting to end the war. Over a quarter million Americans died or were wounded in Vietnam, which was very much a military failure. And Soviet Union argued about where they could place nuclear weapons.

One of these arguments was the. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. And Soviet Union came very close to attacking each other with nuclear weapons. During the Cold War, the United States had a 'Red Scare' where the government tried to find people it thought were Communist. The House of Representatives had a group called the House Un-American Activities Committee to deal with this, and led hearings in the Senate. The Red Scare led to people losing their jobs, going to jail, and even being.

Many and were put on blacklists, which meant they could not get jobs in movies or get credit for their writings. The Cold War began with an arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union to see who could have more and better. This started after the Soviets were the second country to develop an. In the United States, this started something called the 'Military Industrial Complex', which meant business and government working together to spend a lot of money on large-scale weapons projects.

Business and government helped each other to get more money and more power. Part of the Complex was something called the, which rebuilt Europe while making them buy American goods. Baixar Driver Controlador De Rede Windows 7 64 Bits.

The Complex allowed for a growing middle class, but also kept the Cold War going. Nixon giving his resignation speech on his last day as President, August 1973 Besides the arms race, another part of the Cold War was the '. This started when the Soviets launched a into space called in 1957. Americans became worried that the United States was falling behind the Soviet Union, and made their schools focus more on and. Within a few years, both the United States and the Soviet Union had sent, animals and people into orbit. In 1969 the mission put and on the. United States foreign policy changed in the 1970s when the United States left Vietnam and left office due to a political scandal called.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the United States had a policy of ' with the Soviet Union. This meant that the two countries signed to stop use of weapons. Under Nixon and, the United States sent troops and money to many governments to stop them from being Communist. This led to violence in Latin America.

Around this time, the economy suffered because the United States was not making as many things as it used to, and because some countries in the were not giving the U.S. As much oil as it wanted (this was called an 'oil embargo'). The Middle East became very important in American foreign policy after several Americans were in in 1979. In the 1980s, people in the U.S. Government sold weapons to people in Iran and gave the money to 'contra' soldiers in. This was called the '.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. Normalized relations with. The Cold War came to an end as Communist governments in the Soviet Union and other countries fell apart. Domestic and social issues [ ]. The, where gave the ' speech. The United States once again had.

Millions of white people moved out of the cities and into, and into Southern and Western states known as the '. They bought new cars and sets. The birth rate in the 1940s and 1950s rose, in what was called the 'Baby Boom' The 'Space Age' inspired ' style and. Many more people became part of the, but there were still many people who were poor. Poverty was most common among. Most lived in poor in Northern cities, or in the South where they faced and 'Jim Crow'. These conditions led to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s, led by and others.

In 1954, the Supreme Court found school segregation illegal in, though it would be several years before school segregation was ended. In 1955, King led a bus in. In the late 1950s and 1960s, King got help from Presidents, who was shot, and. In 1963, he led a calling for. Soon after, Congress passed laws that made most segregation illegal. Johnson also a program called the that helped poor and minorities. And, who had often been, also started to ask for rights, beginning with the in 1969.,, old people, consumers, and people with also fought for rights, as did women.

Though women had had jobs during World War II, most of them went back to the home after the war. Women did not like that they often held jobs that paid less than men or that fewer were open to them. People like and founded groups such as the to try and solve these problems. NOW and other groups wanted an that would guarantee them equality in all areas. In the 1970s and 1980s, many more jobs and opportunities were opened to women. There were some women like who opposed Freidan and Steinem and were known as 'anti-feminists'.

It was partly because of the anti-feminists that the Equal Rights Amendment was defeated, but also because women had already gained equality in many areas and they did not want to be drafted into the army. In the 1960s, the was created. Some of the followers of the counterculture were called. They had long hair, and lived, smoking and practicing. The counterculture, along with college students, were the groups most against the Vietnam War. They also were the groups that listened to new music known as.

In 1973, the issued a decision called, which made many legal. The many changes led to a reaction by and other who called themselves the ' and the '. Reagan Era [ ].

President Reagan said that 'Government is not a solution to our problem, government is the problem'. Was elected President in 1980.

He defeated incumbent by winning 44 out of the 50 American states. During the Reagan Era, the country was facing through, a bad, and the American were not as good. When Ronald Reagan became president, he signed the which helped the economy. Afterwards more and more jobs began to appear.

More people were getting jobs. The inflation decreased. During Reagan's presidency, he also helped expand the American military. This also created more jobs, but also raised the. During his first term, the economy went from a 4.5% to 7.2%. In 1984, Reagan won in a major landslide by winning 49 out of the 50 American states. During his second term, Reagan focused on ending the.

He held many meetings between,, and Soviet leader. They first met at the in 1985. Later they both discovered their passion of ending the war. Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who ascended to power in 1985, and their summit conferences led to the signing of the. Also during his second term, Reagan's and were popular in the US, though his backing of the rebels was mired in the controversy over the that revealed Reagan's poor management style. Since leaving office in 1989, Reagan became one of the most popular Presidents of the United States.

Post-Cold War and beyond (1991–present) [ ] Post-Cold War era [ ]. Was President in the 1990s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Cold War came to an end. This was due to the Russian leader starting a policy called, the fall of the, and the Soviet Union breaking into different countries. Around this time, the United States cut down on its production of cheap goods, and had many people working in service jobs. Part of these service jobs were in and the, which came into wide use in the 1990s.

By this time, the United States had a very large trade deficit, meaning it received more goods from other countries, such as, than it sent to other countries. The became the main focus of U.S. Foreign policy. In 1991, the fought a war with called the. This was to stop Iraqi leader from occupying, a small oil-producing country. In 1992, became President. Under Clinton, the United States sent soldiers into as part of a mission.

The United States also agreed to a trade called the (and repealed ). Clinton was for lying in court about his relationship with, but the voted against removing him as President. 21st century [ ]. The Bush presidency [ ] In 2000, was President.

Attacked the on. Thousands of people died.

Soon after the attacks, the U.S. And to find and others who they believed planned the September 11 attacks. In 2003, the United States. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have lasted many years. By 2011, most American soldiers had left Iraq, and there was over.

In 2005, the southern United States was hit. Much of the city of was destroyed. In 2006, the Democrats won back Congress because Americans did not like the way Bush dealt with War in Iraq or Katrina. At the end of Bush's term, the United States entered the worst since the Great Depression. Obama presidency [ ]. Is inaugurated as President of the United States, January 2009 was elected President in 2008. He became the first President of the United States. During his first years in office, Obama and Congress passed reforms on and banking. They also passed a large to help the economy during the recession. During the recession, the government used large amounts of money to keep the banking and auto industries from falling apart. There was also a large oil spill in the.

In 2010, Congress passed the Patient Protecton and Affordable Care Act, a sweeping overhaul of the health care system. Dubbed 'Obamacare', it was faced with fierce criticism from conservative media. A ' started during Obama's presidency. This group opposes Obama's health care plan and other policies they see as 'big government.' Due to the recession, the Tea Party and a dislike of what Obama did, Republicans won a large number of House and Senate seats in the 2010 election. In 2011, Tea Party members of Congress almost shut down the government and sent the U.S. Into default (not being able to pay people the government owes money). A few months later, many young people protested against organized and concentrated wealth during the Occupy movement.

In 2012, Obama was reelected to a second term. Following reelection, Obama faced major obstruction from Congressional Republicans. This polarization in the political atmosphere and the media, lead to events such as the 2013 Federal Government Shutdown and the stalling of Obama's Supreme Court pick, Judge Merrick Garland to replace Justice Antonio Scalia.

In 2014, Republicans took control of both houses of Congress, further adding to the gridlock. In foreign policy, President Obama helped crafted the Paris Climate Agreement, a major global commitment to fighting climate change.

He also forged the Iran Nuclear Agreement and opened relations with Cuba for the first time in fifty years. Trump presidency [ ]. President taking the oath of office The attracted much retention. Main popular candidates of the election were Republicans and Senator and Democrats and Senator.

Trump and Clinton won their respective primaries. On November 9 2016, Trump defeated Clinton in a 'political upset' to become the 45th president of the United States. Became Vice President. They were on January 20, 2017.

In the aftermath, there were many protests against Trump across the country. On January 27, President Trump signed an executive order that suspended entering of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of,,,,,, and for 90 days, citing security concerns about terrorism. The following day, thousands of protesters gathered at airports and other locations throughout the United States to protest the signing of the order and detainment of the foreign nationals. Later, the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part of the order, effectively exempting visitors with a. On April 7, 2017, Trump of 59 from the into, aimed at as a defense after the.

On May 3, 2017, Puerto Rico filed for after a massive debt and weak economy. It is the largest bankruptcy case in American history. A changing country [ ] The United States faces many political issues. One of these is what kind of government the United States should become.

Liberals want a large government, while the Tea Party and other groups want a smaller government. One of these debates is over health care. Health care costs have risen. Conservatives and liberals also disagree on social issues such as and. Many more people have come to accept gays and gay marriage as an acceptable part of American society.

There are also many trends and developments that the U.S. Must deal with. One of these is immigration. Many people are coming to the U.S. From and, especially.

This is called the 'browning of America'. Americans are getting older and a larger fraction of the people are retired. Other issues facing the United States are a growing concern about the. This has led to the creation of many 'green jobs,' or jobs that create clean. Related pages [ ] • References [ ].